Hamlet by William Shakespeare - 721 Words

Prince Hamlet is disheartened and having been beckoned home to Denmark from school in Germany to be present at his fathers funeral, he is stunned to find his mom Gertrude already re-wed. The Queen has wed Hamlets Uncle Claudius, the deceased kings brother. To Hamlet, the matrimony is vulgar interbreeding. What makes things worse is Claudius crowned himself King even though Hamlet was his fathers successor to the throne. Hamlet questions his father’s death and thinks that he was murdered. When his dads spirit pays a visit to the castle Hamlets uncertainties are corroborated. The spirit whines that he is incapable to rest in peace because he was killed. Claudius says the spirit drizzled toxic substance in King Hamlets ear while the king slept. Incapable to admit and find redemption King Hamlet is now condemned to spend his days in limbo and walk the earth by night. He entreats Hamlet to take vengeance because of his death, but to pardon Gertrude and let heaven choose her destiny . Hamlet vows to imitate madness puts on escapade and wears a mask that will allow him to witness the exchanges in the castle but finds himself more mixed up than before. In his constant confusion he questions the spirits honesty. What if the Ghost is not a real spirit but more accurately a representative of the devil sent to tempt him? What if murdering Claudius results in Hamlets having to recall his recollections for all time? Hamlet struggles over what he recognizes as his spinelessnessShow MoreRelatedHamlet, By William Shakespeare880 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare is praised as the pioneering English poet and playwright whose collection of theatrical works is regarded as the greatest artistic value throughout the history of English literature. Shakespeare delved into the spiritual and mental component of humanity and the consequences that arise from this human spirit when it is disputed. The most famous revenge tragedy play, Hamlet, is an excellent illustration of Shake speare’s philosophical study of human nature. In Hamlet, the arguableRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare899 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare, author of Hamlet, was a well-known author in the 1500s and is still popular today. He was born on April 24, 1564 in London, England. Although there were no birth records at that time, it shows he was baptized one year prior to that, which leads us to believe his birthday was in 1564 because children were normally baptized a year after their birth. Shakespeare’s writing style was very different than others at that time. He used many metaphors and rhetorical phrases, and most ofRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare996 Words   |  4 PagesHamlet, written by William Shakespeare, with out a doubt holds the most famous soliloquy in English history spoken by Hamlet in Act III, scene i, lines 57-90. This soliloquy holds much importance to the play as a whole because it ties together the reoccurring themes of suicide and Hamlet’s inaction portrayed by Shakespeare. Hamlet poses a problem, which is the driving force of the play: â€Å"To be or not to be?†(III.i.57). Shakespeare uses this logical question asked by Hamlet to drive out his underlyingRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare1178 Words   |  5 Pages In William Shakespeare’s play Hamlet, the protagonist suffers from struggles with major characters, especially with the women in his life. While reading the play Hamlet, Hamlet appears to be a disillusioned man. Throughout the play, Shakespeare has only casted two females: Gertrude and Ophelia. Gertrude is defined to be incestuous, naà ¯ve and cold-hearted. On the other side, Ophelia is characterized to be ignorant, innocent and fearful. After the quick marriage of his mother and evil uncle, Hamlet’sRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare1308 Words   |  6 PagesHamlet is arguably one of the greatest tragedies in all of literature and when most people think of tragic plays, they think of none other than the one who wrote it, William Shakespeare. This classic story of revenge excites it’s readers with its main character, Prince Hamlet, who goes through the unique human-like process of revenge that is often overlooked. Many other stories rely heavily on the logi c of good people doing good things and bad people doing bad things just for the sake of their natureRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare Essay1453 Words   |  6 PagesHamlet by William Shakespeare explores many aspects of mankind--death, betrayal, love, and mourning. Out of these, the most prominent theme in this play is death in the form of suicide. The main character, Hamlet, finds himself questioning the quality of life and the uncertainty of the afterlife once he discovers news of his father s death and the corruption in the kingdom that follows. Ophelia, Hamlet’s lover, is found dead later in the plot and is presumed to have committed suicide. In Hamlet’sRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare1146 Words   |  5 PagesA character so complex, enticing and fascinating, his name is Hamlet. We are all Hamlet, and that, is the argument. Hamlet is an enigmatic character with many flaws. These flaws are the ones that prove similarities between us and him. A play so popular and significant is due to its huge relevance to us as a society. In the play Hamlet, William Shakespeare uses Hamlet’s character and metaphor to demonstrate that when one is left alone to their thoughts, these thoughts overtake reason. ConsequentlyRead MoreHamlet by William Shakespeare1456 Words   |  6 PagesThe play Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, takes place in a time where the impossible was a part of the lives of everyday people. Occurrences that people in the modern time would believe unbelievable. Yet, with just a quill and parchment Shakespeare’s is able to connect the past and present by weaving a plot with skill that is still unparalleled to this day. The play Hamlet this exceeds this expectation by revealing depth of Hamlets, the protagonists, character personality through the useRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare1920 Words   |  8 PagesIn the play Hamlet by William Shakespeare, the character Hamlet must deal with both external and internal conflict. Hamlet encounters many struggles and has trouble finding a way to deal with them. With so many corrupt people in his life, Hamlet feels as if there is no one that he can trust and begins to isolate himself from others. A result from this isolation leads Hamlet to become melancholy. Hamlet struggles with suicidal thoughts, wants to kill King Claudius, and is distraught over his mother’sRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare846 Words   |  4 Pagesalways been a contemplative topic. In Hamlet, the main character Hamlet thinks to himself about suicide. Hamlet was written by William Shakespeare. Shakespeare wrote Hamlet between 1599 and 1602. William Shakespeare is one of the greatest playwrights in history. Hamlet is about Prince Hamlet of Denmark who is trying to find out about the death of his father after his father s ‘ghost’ comes to him telling him it was his uncle who had killed him. While Hamlet contemplates suicide he gives his famous

My Writing Writing Skills - 938 Words

The first time I picked up a pen and wrote something in English was when I was in the seventh grade, there I was sitting in my Language Arts class when the teacher made us form groups then told us to write something about the other person. The words I wanted to use, I didn’t know how to translate into English. I only had broken fragments that did not entirely make sense. I became frustrated and agitated that I couldn’t do it, so the next day I decided to start keeping a journal. This was really helpful, because by the time I became a sophomore, my writing had improved significantly. There were some grammatical errors, but at least people would understand what I was writing. To improve my writing was what I wanted to do, so I began a journey to become better. In order to improve my writing skills, I kept a journal, I wrote each and every thing I did. This journey of mine was going to have some ups and downs, but I knew that to really achieve my goal, I had to do everythi ng possible to make it come true. I knew I’d have to stay committed to take on this challenge. My last year of high school came with some grave challenges. My English teacher focused more on writing. We wrote papers from short articles to writing a research paper as our last assignment. That itself, was a really big struggle. In the end, I made it through and ended up with a decent grade. College, came around the corner sooner than I’d hope. My advisor told me the classes I’d need to take in order to meetShow MoreRelatedMy Writing And Writing Skills985 Words   |  4 Pages Throughout the years, my reading and writing skills were never my best aspect growing up as a kid. I always felt that I would never need to learn how to write and read because I wanted to become a superhero when I grew up, and I thought superheroes don’t need to learn that type of stuff because they just save people from the bad guys. As I grew older I knew my dream of flying around and fighting crime wasn’t an option, so I started read and write, which mostly started in kindergarten. I knew itRead MoreReflection On My Writing Skills987 Words   |  4 PagesReflection My writing skills which I have worked on over the few months I have been in English 102 have changed quite a bit in my opinion. There are many things which I have improved upon that were amongst my weaker writing skills when the year began. On the opposite side of that point, there are also many things which I still need to improve upon if I want to truly elevate my writing to a level that I will be confident in. 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I write of what I want to know, of what I want to change, of what I believe, and one day a collection of my writing will be all that’s left of me, and it will allow me to still matter, even when I’m gone. Although my writing may not be equivalent to Tom Stoppard’s, I am slowly progressing towards obtaining strong writing skills. Writing in EnglishRead MoreMy Writing Style And Skills900 Words   |  4 Pagesme about how I formulate ideas and outlines to my papers and visual works. My writing style and skills have gone through many changes throughout English 150 but by far there have been three areas where I have seen the most improvement. How I compose and formulate my works, using certai n resources and how I integrated them into my paper, how I edit those works, and how well I use the advice and guidance from my peers to help me revise or complete my works. 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However, after writing several drafts for every assignment, my understanding of the critical skills gradually increased to the point where I wrote well organised essays within the time limit. I think I am readyRead MoreRhetorical Analysis : My Writing Skills894 Words   |  4 PagesProfessor Maureen and others who may concern this: I would say I am always a horrible letter writer. I am tearing my hair to squeeze every single word from my poor mind to finish this letter. Yet deep in my frontal cortex, there is no part of mechanisms that is designed for writing a self-analyzing letter to my instructors. However, it has been ten weeks I studied in this course, and all my favorite works in these ten weeks are gathering in this tiny portfolio. I have wrote a several rhetorical practicesRead MoreI Am Satisfied With My Writing Skills1665 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout the 2015-2016 school year, I have discovered and improved heavily upon my writing skills in addition to analyzing all of the reading assignments that we were given this year. I firmly believe that these journals have significantly improved all of my abilities within the realm of English. I strongly feel well prepared for the AP test, but most importantly for all of my future english classes, and classes in general. The journal experience I had may have been time consuming, but overallRead MoreMy Wri ting Skills Has Effectively Improved1078 Words   |  5 PagesI first came to the Wilkes University, one of my edifier (?) (Friend, teacher, mother) told me Don’t judge your class in the beginning, judge your class at the end of course†. In the beginning of my classes I was very nervous about how to write an essay. However, I believe my writing skills has effectively improved. To be honest, English 101 wasn’t an easy class for me in the beginning. College writing is entirely different from high school writing. I always have trouble with grammar when I write

Use Of Strategic Approach to Human Resource Development

Question: Identify and explain how the company can adopt a more strategic approach to Human Resource Development, using the HRD Cycle, ensuring you demonstrate how the HRD Cycle could be applied to the company in this scenario. Analyse the strengths and weaknesses of the company using an off-the-shelf strategic HRD solution such as the Investors in People standard, and identify problems that might arise during implementation. Identify, explain and analyse the design options available for managing the companys Human Resource Development function. The structure of the report should be as follows; summary, introduction, body (research, analysis of findings), conclusion, recommendations, references and appendices. Answer: Introduction This report critically evaluates theories of developing human resources within the organization. Concerning, it discusses the applications of more strategic approach through the HRD cycle within the company in the given scenario. At the same time, this report also analyses the strengths and weaknesses of the company by applying an off-the-shelf strategic HRD solution and identifies the challenges during its implementation. In addition, it also evaluates the design options that can be helpful to manage the organizations HRD function. Use of strategic approach (the HRD Cycle) From the scenario of Kidsgrove Electronics Ltd, it is determined that company is losing its competitiveness in terms of employees performance and high standards of collective performance. Due to increasing business expansion, there is a need for the firm to upgrade skills and knowledge of its employees to maintain the latest developments in design and manufacturing processes with high-quality production. In order to maintain the competitive position, the company can use a more strategic approach by using Human Resource Development (HRD) cycle to enhance the skills and competencies of the employees to provide the quality products as per the market trends (Swart, et al, 2012). The below figure shows the HRD Cycle that can be useful to apply more strategic approach for developing employees' competitiveness: Figure 1: HRD Cycle The HRD cycle includes four phases in developing HRD interventions that lead to learning and development, career growth opportunities and organizational effectiveness. These phases are described as below: Identifying learning/HRD needs: It is essential for the company to identify the learning needs at different levels including strategic, operational and personal level to compete in the market. In order to determine the HRD needs, company requires for conducting the survey over the employees to recognize the common points related to skill gaps and design the HRD programmes accordingly. The main motive behind the recognition of training needs is to develop career opportunities for the employees and contribute to organizational development. Regarding this, behavioural learning theory also suggests that there is a need to conduct HRD programmes for the development of a required behaviour by the employees at the workplace (O'Grady, 2013). Therefore, it is required for the company to provide positive stimuli in the form of training to shape the behaviour of the employees. There may be different learning needs of the employees due to differences in their skill levels and potential. Due to this, it is crucial for the compa ny to determine these learning needs. In this need assessment, the company needs to analyze HRD needs at four levels such as organizational needs, individual skills, knowledge and attitudes and functional responsibilities and needs of the department. Generally, firms focus on individual skills of the employees that do not provide a better view of the need assessment. The conventional methods to identify the learning needs are surveys through interviews and questionnaires, observations, and focus groups to gather information related to skills gaps in employees. Apart from this, root-cause analysis can be used by the company to identify the HRD needs by recognizing the root cause of the problem identified within the organization or department (Truss, Mankin and Kelliher, 2012). In addition, some other complex methods such as informal feedback, performance appraisals, etc. can also be conducted to get the information related to employees performance and skill levels and determine HRD needs. Designing HRD programmes: In this, the company can focus on a two-level HRD process including training interventions and work-based activities. In designing of HRD programmes, it is essential for the company to focus on personal aspects of the employees due to their impact on their learning needs and requirements. Similarly, the humanistic theory of learning also holds that personal considerations and emotions play a significant role in learning and have a considerable impact on the adoption of new changes in knowledge state of learners (Wilton, 2010). In this stage of HRD cycle, the company needs to consider learning strategies, learning outcomes, which have to be achieved and the learners. The below figure shows the process of designing of HRD programmes: Figure 2: Designing of HRD programmes After analyzing the HRD needs, the company requires for determining clear objectives related to improvement in personal and collective performance as a company with high-quality production. For designing of HRD programmes, an internal expertise or outsourced external training provider is deployed by HR professional. In planning and design in HRD, training provider develops lesson plans and selects the suitable training delivery methods. The lesson plan helps to determine the actual delivery of the training content including purchasing of training content or designing of training content by the organization (Saks, Haccoun and Belcourt, 2010). It is also essential for the company to frequently update and review the training materials. Finally, a proper schedule needs to be settled with the consideration of the availability of both trainer and participants. In addition, the budgeting is also a significant element of designing of HRD programmes. Delivering HRD programmes: This is the third stage of HRD cycle that emphasizes the provision of HRD programme, the level of employees, training providers and methods of HRD programme delivery. In the provision of HRD programme, there is a need to emphasize on training in new technologies to meet the global quality standards and keep advancement in technologies. This training programme is provided to the employees of Kidsgrove Electronics Ltd on the request by the top management. After need assessment, it is determined that there is a need to conduct HRD programme for the personal and professional development of the employees to achieve higher productivity (Pritchard, 2013). At the same time, it is also crucial to ensure the execution of HRD programme for all level of employees with equal levels of training. A theory of equity deals with equity of rights and train and pay irrespective of any attribution or the personality factors. According to this concept, the management would be able to train the people towa rds the organization if it employs a fair system of HRD in the organization. Figure 3: Delivery of HRD programme Apart from this, it is required for the company to deliver HRD programme to its employees through internal and external training providers or consultants. In last, different delivery methods of HRD programmes such as audio conferencing, virtual reality, etc. can be used to provide training material to the employees. Apart from this, other methods of HRD programme delivery such as problem-based learning, fieldwork analysis, job rotation, mentorship, etc. can also be preferred as on-the-job training methods without disturbing the work schedule and organizational performance at different locations in order to enhance employees knowledge and skills (Karve, 2013). At the same time, off-the-job training method such as classroom is used outside the workplace through lectures and instructions that are not suitable for companys various international locations. In such condition, on-the-job training programmes can be effective to develop the intellectual skills. Evaluating HRD programmes: It is the final stage of HRD cycle that helps to measure the reactions of the employees on HRD programmes, the level of learning acquisition, employees' behaviour and knowledge transfer and financial outcomes related to HRD programmes. Reactions can be related to trainer, method of training delivery and interest of training contents (Hill and Jones, 2012). At the same time, the returns on investment on HRD programmes can be measured in terms of their financial returns and benefits. Figure 4: Evaluation of HRD programme For this, comparative analysis can be conducted to compare the performance of the employees prior and post of the execution of HRD programme. At the same time, other methods such as interviews with learners, feedback, tests, performance appraisals, observations and self-assessment can be useful to evaluate the effectiveness of HRD programmes. Strengths and weaknesses of an off-the-shelf strategic HRD solution An off-the-shelf strategic HRD solution such as the investors in people standard (IIP) is a business improvement tool that is helpful to improve the organizational [performance through its people. There are three models of IIP namely leadership, recruitment and selection and work life balance that can be used to develop organizational people by setting performance benchmark against a recognized standard. One of the strengths of using IIP is to develop strategic understanding about people development that helps to determine proper strategies and policies according to development needs of people (Ranken, 2010). At the same time, IIP is also effective to think about the development of employees in the organization. Figure 5: Impact of IIP on organizational performance (Source: Bourne, et al, 2008) Apart from this, it also helps to clarify the link between HRD and organizational performance over a flexible time frame. Additionally, it is also effective to get directions for improving staff management, motivation, satisfaction and access to training. It is inclusive in nature that helps to involve all people in any capacity including consultants, volunteers, part-time, full-time, temporary and permanent. It provides the ability to review the progress at a regular level to make continuous improvements in HRD. In support of this, Human Capital Theory (HCT) also concludes that the investment in human capital is effective for the organizations to achieve greater outputs (Hill and Jones, 2012). But, off-the-shelf strategic HRD solution such as IIP has some weaknesses such as high-cost, time-consuming and high energy required. During execution of IIP, there might be some problems such as time consumption because it takes time to explain organizational aims and enhance the people participation and contribution in organizational performance and execute the plans and achieve the outcomes (Nickson, 2013). The requirement of high energy might also be a significant problem for the company to execute IIP because there is geographically and culturally diverse workforce as the company will require for changing the organizational culture. It might be difficult for the company to invest in its human capital due to diversified workforce at geographical level and cultural level. It is because all the employees located at different locations have differences in their cultural background that has a significant influence on their views and attitudes. Due to differences in views and attitudes in the diversified workforce, it may be challenging for the HR managers to execute the HR policies and strategies to enhance their performance level (Mulvie, 2015). On the other hand, the company might face problems related to high cost arise during implementation of IIP because it requires high costs of assessment, training and support to the employees for developing understanding about the ways to achieve the standard. Design options for the management of HRD function There are several design options such as centralized training, decentralized training, customer model, matrix model that are available for the company to manage the HRD function. Regarding, centralized training design is effective to locate the resources and professionals primarily in one location and make decisions related to HRD programmes from that location. However, the company focuses on decentralized training design due to being located at different locations across the world. But, the use of centralized training design can be beneficial for the company to allocate ownership of training to one organization and removal, variation and duplication in any HRD programme (Delahaye, 2015). Through this, it can be ensured that the skills are adopted across the company and adopt a common set of metrics and scorecards to evaluate the training effectiveness. Apart from this, this training design can be helpful to reduce the cost of HRD and maintain consistency and standardization of train ing being delivered to enhance the learning of the employees and develop HR effectively. But, it may be difficult for trainers to make adjustments instantly due to the requirement for getting permission from the central authority. Apart from this, it is also challenging for the trainers to provide feedback in centralized training design due to isolation from the employees. At the same time, customer model can be another design for managing HRD function appropriately. According to this model, HRD department is responsible for HRD needs of one division or function of the company. For example, if the company wants to enhance the productivity of the employees and organizational performance, then there is a need for the HRD department to focus on the fulfilment of skill gap of the production department to enhance the production efficiency of the employees. Matrix model can also be effective for managing the HRD function effectively. In this design option, it is crucial for trainers to report both training manager and manager in the functional department (Mulvie, 2015). Therefore, the trainer has to fulfil the responsibilities of both a training expert and functional expert. This design is beneficial for the management to ensure that training is linked with the business needs appropriately and develop expertise in trainer regarding particular business functi on. But, it can be time-consuming for the trainers to manage both training department and functional department. On the other hand, the business-embedded model can be another option that can be used by the company to manage HRD function effectively. In this, training is aligned with the business strategy to respond quickly to the customers needs and requirements by providing high-quality products. At the same time, off-the-job and on-the-job designs can also be useful for the company to manage the HRD function in desired way. In on-the-job training, the company can provide HRD programmes to develop the knowledge and proficiency of the employees in a practical way, while facing actual working situations. This design is beneficial to learn in a simple way by performing training activities during the job and generate immediate productivity and quick learning. But, this design can create the workload and increase stress affecting the quality of the performance and organizational effectiveness (Brennan, 2013). On the other hand, off-the-job training design is conducted through seminars, lectures and e-learning practices that can disturb the normal working routine of the employees and increase the cost of HRD and financial burden on the organization. Conclusion In a conclusive way, it can be stated that HRD as a more effective strategic approach plays a significant role in developing skills and knowledge of the people to make them efficient to produce the improved results within the organization. HRD cycle is executed by identifying the HRD needs, designing, delivering and evaluating HRD programmes. In addition, off-the-shelf strategic HRD solution such as the Investors in People standard is effective for the company to develop proficiency and knowledge of the employees to achieve a specific standard of performance. However, there are some problems such as time consumption, high cost and cultural differences due to the diversified workforce during the execution of such HRD solution. At the same time, there are some design options such as centralized training, business-embedded model, customer model; on-the-job training, off-the-job training designs that may be effective to manage the HRD function. Recommendations In order to determine cost effective HRD solution, it is essential for the company to conduct the cost-benefit analysis that could be effective to save time and reduce the cost of human resource development. Ata the same time, it can be beneficial for Kidsgrove Electronics Ltd to conduct diversity management training programs to manage diversified workforce during execution of the HRD solution. Centralized and business-embedded training design can be useful for the company to better align the business strategy with the HRD objectives and control the issue related to diversity among the employees by developing a common organizational culture for HRD (Amason, 2011). In addition, on-the-job training programs can also be useful to develop practical knowledge without affecting working schedule and productivity of the employees. References Amason, A. (2011) Strategic Management: From Theory to Practice. UK: Routledge. Bourne, et al (2008) The Impact of the Investors in People Standard on People Management Practices and Firm Performance. Available at https://www.som.cranfield.ac.uk/som/dinamic-content/media/CBP/Publications/IIP_Impact_StudyReport_CBP%20080930.pdf (Accessed: 30 March, 2016). Brennan, B. (2013) Human resource development: managing learning and knowledge capital, Studies in Continuing Education, 35(2), pp.260-262. Delahaye, B. (2015)Human resource development. UK: Tilde Publishing. Hill, C. and Jones, G. (2012) Strategic Management Theory: An Integrated Approach. USA: Cengage Learning. Karve, S. (2013) Planning and Organizing Training Events. USA: American Society for Training and Development. Mulvie, A. (2015) The Value of Executive Coaching. UK: Routledge. Nickson, D. (2013) Human Resource Management for Hospitality, Tourism and Events. UK: Routledge. O'Grady, A. (2013) Lifelong Learning: An introductory guide for Education Studies. UK: Routledge. Pritchard, A. (2013) Ways of learning: Learning theories and learning styles in the classroom. UK: Routledge. Ranken, W.B. (2010) Employment 2010. UK: NCVO. Saks, A. M., Haccoun, R. R., and Belcourt, M. (2010) Managing performance through training and development. USA: Cengage Learning. Swart, J., Mann, C., Brown, S., and Price, A. (2012)Human Resource Development. UK: Routledge. Truss, C., Mankin, D., and Kelliher, C. (2012) Strategic human resource management. UK: Oxford University Press. Wilton, N. (2010) An introduction to human resource management. USA: Sage Publications.

The Effects of Stress, Alcohol Outcome Expectancie Essay Example For Students

The Effects of Stress, Alcohol Outcome Expectancie Essay s, Gender, Coping Styles, andFamily Alcoholism on Alcohol ConsumptionThe Effects of Stress, Alcohol Outcome Expectancies, Gender, Coping Styles, andFamily Alcoholism on Alcohol ConsumptionResearch Proposal byJosh Robbins100-928-594November 26, 1996Economics 143AbstractOne large component of American popular culture today is alcohol. Acommon stereotype for the effects of alcohol is that as a drug it acts as astress antagonist. This theory was introduced by Conger (1956) as the TensionReduction Hypothesis (TRW). It states that alcohols sedative action on thecentral nervous system serves to reduce tension, and because tension reductionis reinforcing, people drink to escape it (Marlatt ; Rehsenow, 1980). Why do wedrink, when do we drink, and how much do we drink? This research will determinethe correlation between total weekly consumption of alcohol and perceived stress,alcohol outcome expectancies, gender, coping styles, and family history ofalcoholism among undergraduate students. Do p eople drink more or less whenstressed? Do alcohol outcome expectancies lead to higher or lower consumption?Is a history of family alcoholism positively or negatively correlated topersonal consumption? Do the tested variables play mediating or moderatingroles in stress-related drinking? This research will determine the answers tothese questions, and determine the strength of the correlations, if any. We will write a custom essay on The Effects of Stress, Alcohol Outcome Expectancie specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now IntroductionThe main question that this statistical model will answer is as follows:Is there any correlation between drinking and gender, alcohol expectancies,family alcoholism, stress, and coping styles?GenderIt has been demonstrated that significant differences exist between thedrinking patterns of men and women (Hilton, 1988). In a survey of US drinkinghabits conducted in 1988 by the US National Center for Health Statistics, Dawsonand Archer (1992) showed that there are three areas illustrating genderdifferences. The first is the actual number of male and female drinkers. Thestudy showed that 64% of men versus 41% of women were current drinkers. Second,men were more likely to consume alcohol on a daily basis (17.5 grams of ethanolper day versus 8.9 grams for women). Third, men were more likely to beclassified as heavy drinkers. In fact, when the classification measure of aheavy drinker was changed from five drinks or more per day to nine drinks ormore per day the ration of male to female heavy drinkers increased by a factorof 3. StressAre the theories mentioned above about stress-induced drinking accurate?There have been studies which disprove the Tension Reduction Hypothesis. Forinstance, in a study by Conway, Vickers, Ward, and Rahe in 1981 it was foundthat the consumption of alcohol among Navy officers during periods of high jobdemands was actually lower than the consumption during low-demand periods.Additionally, some drinkers have been known to consider alcohol as a tensiongenerator rather than a tension reducer. Alcohol ExpectanciesThe expectations of what effects alcohol consumption may have play animportant role in drinking habits. These expectancies first develop inchildhood as indirect learning experiences (media, family modeling, peerinfluence) and, as a result of increased direct experiences with thepharmacological effects of alcohol, become more refined (Christiansen, Goldman,; Inn, 1982). Do the expectancies that people hold about alcohol decentlypredict consumption? Some people believe that alcohol consumption will increasesexual and aggressive behavior, or otherwise enhance social experiences. Manypeople subscribe to the view that alcohol acts as liquid courage. DataThe dependent variable for this research will be Weekly AlcoholConsumption (WEEK), measured by the total number of drinks consumed in 1 week. A standard drink is defined as a 12-ounce bottle/can of beer, 1.5 ounce shot ofliquor, or a 5 ounce glass of wine. The predictor variables would include thedummy variable GENDER, where D1=1 for a male, STRESS, alcoholic expectancies(EXPECT), family alcoholism (FAMILY), and difference coping styles (COPE). .u4ec51be712c2937d160128b5bcee5c82 , .u4ec51be712c2937d160128b5bcee5c82 .postImageUrl , .u4ec51be712c2937d160128b5bcee5c82 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4ec51be712c2937d160128b5bcee5c82 , .u4ec51be712c2937d160128b5bcee5c82:hover , .u4ec51be712c2937d160128b5bcee5c82:visited , .u4ec51be712c2937d160128b5bcee5c82:active { border:0!important; } .u4ec51be712c2937d160128b5bcee5c82 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4ec51be712c2937d160128b5bcee5c82 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4ec51be712c2937d160128b5bcee5c82:active , .u4ec51be712c2937d160128b5bcee5c82:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4ec51be712c2937d160128b5bcee5c82 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4ec51be712c2937d160128b5bcee5c82 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4ec51be712c2937d160128b5bcee5c82 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4ec51be712c2937d160128b5bcee5c82 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4ec51be712c2937d160128b5bcee5c82:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4ec51be712c2937d160128b5bcee5c82 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4ec51be712c2937d160128b5bcee5c82 .u4ec51be712c2937d160128b5bcee5c82-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4ec51be712c2937d160128b5bcee5c82:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Illiad EssayThe complete list of possible measurable variables are: PerceivedStress, Family History of Alcoholism, Problem-Focused Coping, Emotion-FocusedCoping, Less Useful Coping, and Drinking to Cope. For alcohol expectancyoutcomes, the following variables would be useful: Sociability, TensionReduction, Liquid Courage, Sexuality, Cognitive ; Behavioral Impairment, Risk ;Aggression, and Self Perception. The data for this research project will becollected through surveys and questionnaires given to undergraduate students atone university, but not limited to one department. An attempt should be made tosplit the test group approximately equal in terms of sex. Since race/eth nicityand age are not being tested, they are irrelevant for this study. Compensationmay be necessary (possibly a beer), as college students time is quite valuable,and the questionnaire may take approximately 30 minutes. There are a number oftests which currently exist which may be used to evaluate the subjects. 1. Adapted Short Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (Adapted SMAST)This is a 13 item self-report questionnaire developed by Sher andDescutner in 1986 which is designed to measure family history of alcoholism. This is a yes/no type of test, and is specifically determines the extent of anindividuals parents alcohol abuse. 2. Comprehensive Effects of Alcohol (CEOA)The CEOA (Fromme, Stroot Kaplan, 1993) has 38 questions, and isdesigned to measure alcohol outcome expectancies. There are seven expectancyscales, four positive (sociability, tension-reduction, liquid-courage, andsexuality) and three negative (cognitive-behavioral impairment, risk andaggression, and self perception). The answers are based on a five point scalewith 1 = disagree and 5 = agree. 3. Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)The PSS (Cohen, Kamarck, Mermelstein, 1983) is a 14 item self-reportdesigned to assess the degress to which situations in ones life are appraisedas stressful. There are 7 positive and 7 negative questions. 4. COPEThe COPE (Carver et al., 1989) has 53 questions and is designed toassess individual coping dispositions. This test is quite complicated, as it ismade up of 14 scales which are categorized into 3 coping styles: Problem-FocusedCoping, Emotion-Focused Coping, and Less than Useful Coping (Denial, BehavioralDisengagement, and Mental Disengagement). The main result we will be looking atis a section called Drinking to Cope. This will help us find out whetherpeople drink to cope and if so, in what situations. SpecificationThe regression equation for this research will be as follows: WEEKi = b0+ b1(GENDER)i + b2(STRESS)i + b3(EXPECT)i + b4(FAMILY)i + b5(COPE)iThe expected signs of the coefficients are as follows:b1: This is a dummy variable, with only 2 possible values, 0=female and1=male;b2: Positive. Increased stress leads to increased drinking;b3: Both. It will probably be positive with expectancy variables likeTension Reduction, liquid-Courage and Sexuality, while negative with BehavioralImpairment, Risk ; Aggression, and Self Perception;b4: Positive. One would expect an alcoholic family would increase thelikelihood of an alcoholic child;b5: Positive. If we restrict this variable to Drinking To Cope, itshould be positive. I would plan to run a regression using one predictor variable at a time,and then adding an additional variable until many possibilities have beenregressed, determining the correlation between the different predictors. Thiswill determine as well which predictors account for what percentage of thevariability. Anticipated BenefitsAfter determination of the correlation between weekly drinking and the 5predictor variable discussed herein, we will be able to focus on which variableshave more effect, or higher correlation. If the highest correlation is found inthe FAMILY variable, we will know to spend more time and money on programs whichpromote Family Values. If high correlation is found with the STRESS variable,we can direct our energies to making college less stressful. This researchshould be used as a signal for what needs to be done in the future. .uf323143453d6a1350dd2dd2c8717f1e6 , .uf323143453d6a1350dd2dd2c8717f1e6 .postImageUrl , .uf323143453d6a1350dd2dd2c8717f1e6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf323143453d6a1350dd2dd2c8717f1e6 , .uf323143453d6a1350dd2dd2c8717f1e6:hover , .uf323143453d6a1350dd2dd2c8717f1e6:visited , .uf323143453d6a1350dd2dd2c8717f1e6:active { border:0!important; } .uf323143453d6a1350dd2dd2c8717f1e6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf323143453d6a1350dd2dd2c8717f1e6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf323143453d6a1350dd2dd2c8717f1e6:active , .uf323143453d6a1350dd2dd2c8717f1e6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf323143453d6a1350dd2dd2c8717f1e6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf323143453d6a1350dd2dd2c8717f1e6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf323143453d6a1350dd2dd2c8717f1e6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf323143453d6a1350dd2dd2c8717f1e6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf323143453d6a1350dd2dd2c8717f1e6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf323143453d6a1350dd2dd2c8717f1e6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf323143453d6a1350dd2dd2c8717f1e6 .uf323143453d6a1350dd2dd2c8717f1e6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf323143453d6a1350dd2dd2c8717f1e6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Evaluation of preparation and improvisation EssayReferencesCarver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., ; Weintraub, J. K. (1989). Assessing copingstrategies: A theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and SocialPsychology, 56, 267-283. Christiansen, B. A., Goldman, M. S., ; Inn, A. (1982). Development of alcohol-related expectancies in adolescents: Separatingpharmacological from social-learning influences. Journal of Consulting andClinical Psychology, 50, 336-344. Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., ; Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and SocialBehavior, 24, 385-396. Conger, J. J. (1956). Alcoholism: Theory, problem andchallenge. II. Reinforcement theory and the dynamics of alcoholism. QuarterlyJournal of Studies on Alcohol, 13, 296-305. Conway, T. L., Vickers, R. R., Ward,H. W., ; Rahe, R. H. (1981). Occupational stress and variation in cigarette,coffee, and alcohol consumption. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 22,155-165. Dawson, D. A., ; Archer, L. (1992). Gender differences in alcoholconsumption: Effects of measurement. British Journal of Addiction, 87, 119-123. Hilton, M. E. (1988). Trends in US drinking patterns: Further evidence fromthe past 20 years. British Journal of Addiction, 83, 269-278. Marlatt, G. A, ;Rohsenow, D. J. (1980). Cognitive processes in alcohol use: Expectancy and thebalanced placebo design. In N. K. Mello (Ed.). Advances in Substance Abuse:Behavioral and biological research, Vol. 1. Greenwich: JAI Press. Sher, K. J.,; Descutner, C. (1986). Reports of paternal alcoholism: Reliability acrosssiblings. Journal of Addictive Behaviors, 11, 25-30. Business