Customer Service Careers Essay Example for Free

Customer Service Careers EssayWhat does Customer Service mean to you? Is it simply taking wangle of your daily customers needs? What about the concept that your employees are also your customers? Does that change your outlook on the idea of customer service?This essay will exempt the internal customer concepts of human relations. Human relations, in definition, are the skill or ability to work effectively through and with other people. (Lamberton, p.4) As a manager, you need to understand the needs and wants of your employees. You should have an effective training program that is set up with clear guidelines and expectations.Providing feedback during the training and throughout employment is crucial. This allows for unfastened communication between management and employees. Future goals can be discussed and additional training avail fit to aid them on those journeys. Areas of improvement can also be discussed without singling out the negative.Read moreCustomer Service in Leis ure and RecreationIn human relations it is very important to know the value instilled by the company. It is also important to help the employees understand and accept the values of others without compromising their personal integrity. (Lamberton, p.114) Communication and compromise are vital in any organization. It is not necessary to disregard your values for someone elses, merely understanding where they are coming from and finding common ground to build on.Youre job in human relations is help bridge those gaps and assist in dealing with those conflicts. Something powerful happens when people see themselves as jump of healthy, useful community and have a positive experience of that. (Everett, p.78) Positive attitudes, job satisfaction, high morale, and positive reinforcements are just a few examples of ways to succeed. Involving employees in decisions and setting realistic goals will help to improvemotivation as well.Employees need to feel that they matter as individuals, not ju st a part of the company. Managers are crucial in developing mutual respect, self-esteem, and solving conflicts. The better your communication skills are the more likely you are to be successful. Also, being able to maintain a positive attitude increases the morale of your internal customers, or employees.ReferencesEverett, Melissa (2007) Making a Living While Making a disagreement Conscious Careers for an Era of Interdependence Lamberton, Lowell, Minor, Leslie (2010) Human Relations Strategies for success

Show Romeos changes throughout Essay Example for Free

Show Romeos changes throughout EssayThe construct Romeo, in popular culture, has become synonymous with lover. Romeo Montague, in William Shakespe ars Romeo and Juliet does indeed experience a love of such purity and passion which drives him to death, when he believes the object of his love, Juliet Capulet, has overtaked. Emotions and changes be conveyed in Romeos use of language and his gestured. It is the scenes in which Romeo and Juliet be together that I shall field of force in the following essay to show Romeos changes and how Shakespe atomic number 18s language is used to show this. At the beginning of the sour, Romeo pines for Rosaline, proclaiming her to be the paragon of all women and despairing at her tranquillity towards him. Romeos Rosaline-induced histronics mootm rather juvenile. Romeo is a great reader of love poetry and the portrayal of his love for Rosaline suggests he is trying to re-create feelings close to which he has read. He is the epitome of the E lizabethan courtly lover who wallows in self-pity. After first kissing Juliet, she tells him You kiss by th book , meaning that he kisses fit to the rules, and implying while proficient, his kissing lacks originality.(I. V. 107). In reference to Rosaline. It seems Romeo loves by the book. It is love which causes Romeo to change his beliefs and his actions. In Romeo and Juliet, love is at first portrayed as a fiery ecstatic overpowering force which supersedes all a nonher(prenominal) values, loyalties and emotions. Romeos language when pining for Rosaline is certainly full of oxymorons, which helps display his sorrow with his unrequited love -Heavy vagueness mad health and these excesses alike help portray his immature infrastanding of what it is to be in ove.The oxymorons show he is full of turbulent feelings and also show his stress. vatic love has transformed him into a person even he himself cant recognize. He says Tut. I hasten lost myself. I am not me Romeo dialogue about love emotionally and in a clichi d way. His exaggerations are of a sickly slicener. When she dies her beauty dies her store, display this in not love, it is infatuation. Romeo also uses rhyming couplets and this is evidence that what he feels is false love. The are learned dustup- not from the heart. Romeo is not in love with Rosaline.He is in love with the idea of existence in love,. This love is a sharp contrast to the love which Romeo will later feel for Juliet- that is true love. It is in Act 1 Scene 5 that Romeo first meets Juliet. Did my heart love till now? He directs this phrase at Juliet before the two have even met. When they do at run short meet, Juliet shares with Romeo not nonpareil but two kisses, the second induced by Juliet. Thus from my lips by thine my sin is purged These shows of affection in the time in which the play is set would be ung=heard of upon a first meeting.This shows yet how the pair truly epitomise the phrase, Love at first sight for t hey did not let the fact they were total strangers hinder the strength of their feelings even if the feelings were simply lust. However, we cannot yet tell whether Romeo is being sincere in love this time rather than just lustfully infatuated as he was with Rosaline because Shakespeare gives rOmeo the same indulgent highly petic language. However, he proves himself later in the act by saying Call me but love and Ill be new baptised. Henceforth I never will be Romeo. By saying this Romeo is offering to change his name if it would cast Juliet love him and be with him. During Shakespeares time, denouncing your name was no smaell feat. Your name was whee your loyalties and true priorities lie, especially if it was a name of high social standing such as Montague was meant to be. The old scene ended with Romeos premonition that Some consequence yet hanging in the stars shall bitterly begin his fearful date When Romeo sees Juliet, indeed this meeting proves to be rattling momentus.His s peech is rich in romantic imagery. The striking simile which Shakespeare uses It seem she hangs on the cheek of the shadow as a rich beautify in an Ethiops ear (44-45) , in which Romeo compares Juliet to a sparkling jewel in a black mans ear. And the image of her as A snowy dove trooping with crows are inkeeping with the associations of brightness and white that run throughout the play and are lots mentioned in relation to love. We now recognize the passion with which Romeo speaks and his feeling of love for Juliet is sincere.Juliet is the one who doth t individually the torches to burn brightly (43) Juliet is referred to in terms of true beauty. Romeo has forgotten about Rosaline. It is a sharp contradiction to the description of Rosaline in which he tells us She will not stay the siege of loving terms/ Nore bide the encounter of assailing eye / Nor ope her lap to saint- seducing gold Whereas one proves Juliet is a beacon to him, the other reflects a nai ve and immature belief that nothing can languish Rosalines power. When Romeo and Juliet speak, the exchange is a sonnet, very popular for love poetry in Elizabethan times.The sonnet uses religious imagery Holy shrine, Gentle sin , Pilgrim and Saints. Romeo describes his lips as two blushing pilgrims (94) Shakespeare is saying that Romeo is a pilgrim who is devoted to Juliet. The word Palmers (99) is another word for pilgrim. When Romeo asks Juliet harbour not saints lips and holy palmers too? He is asking her Are you not a saint who is worshipped by pilgrims? The final two lines of the sonnet are shared between Romeo and Juliet showing how in tune and connected they are.The meeting is happening at the same time as the party, however Shakespeare makes us exit about the events which are happening around them and we focus on the two lovers. One way Shakespeare manages to do this is by the change in the language. When Romeo first describes Juliet we are forced to forget the hustle and bustle of the party that surrounds and we are drawn to the images of beauty. When Romeo describes Juliet, he uses rhyming couplets, which interest us more than the blank verse that victor Capulet uses and the prose that the servants use.Another famous scene which focuses on the two lovers together is the most famous scene- known as the balcony scene. It is an example of Shakespeares most lyrical and bewitching writing. Its poetical flights of imagination, its love passages and ots dilatory delays of paring, make it a charming scene with emotional impact. It is in this scene that Romeo continues to shed his image as a lovesick and bathetic youth, and expresses his devortion to Juliet with simplicity and intensity, The imagery of light and pitifulness are very important to the play and particularly to this scene.When Romeo felt he was in love with Rosaline, his mood was dark and gloomy because she was cold like the moon and similar to the Goddess Diana in her aloofness. Juliet is a Maid of the moo n because Diana is the patroness of chastity and Juliet is a chaste maid. Romeo, now under the darkness of night, lighted only by the moon, sees in Juliet the promise of bright warm love, far more beautiful than the pale, chaste light of the moon. He goes on to urge Juliet, who cant hear anything he says, to stop being a maid to the moon because her vestal livery is but sick and green/ and none but fools do wear it cast it off. (2.2 8-9) A livery is a uniform worn by the servants of noblemen, vestal means chaste and green-sickness is an anaemia that was supposed to occur in unmarried girls, because they were unmarried. These words show that Romeo is changing. He wants Juliet as a woman, not as a distant object of adoration, as Rosaline was for him. When he sees Juliet, he instantly drops his poetic metaphoes and says simply It is my lady, O it is my love/ o, that she knew she were (2. 2 10-11). Romeo says that Juliets eyes are like star. I am too bold, tis not to me she speaks/ Two of the fairest stars in all the heavens/ Having some business.Do entreat her eyes/ To twinkle in their spheres till they return According to the astronomy of the time, each of the stars were embedded in transparent spheres which revolved around the earth. It seems to Romeo that two of the brightest stars have decided that they needed to leave their spheres and they are asking her eyes to twinkle in their places while they are gone. In Elizabethan times, the theories of the univers were still a mystery and Shakespeares astrological use of words show the relationship between love and the universe- both(prenominal) amazing and both having little explanation.It shows that this love at first sight was something magical, the product of a higher power and trult epitomises the meaning of true love. Pensively, Juliet says Ay me1 (2. 2. 20-25). To Romeo, these simple words are divine. He says She speaks 0, speak again, bright angel for thou art As glorious to this night, being oer my hea d As is a winged messenger of heaven Unto the white upturned wondering eyes Of mortals that fall back to gaze on him Where he bestides the lazy puffing clouds And sails upon the bosom of the air (2. 2. 25-32) canvass a beautiful woman to an angel was , and still is, a very common expression, but Romeo- who at this moment is whispering to himself- really believes that Juliet is angelic. Glorious to the night because an angel appears in a glory- a halo surrounding and emanating from its body. When the angel appears, people fall back, arching their heads, turning their eyes upward so that the whites of their eyes show. The angel moves with effortless ease, lighter than clouds, more graceful than a ship sailing on the swelling bosom of the ocean.Romeo speaks all this as if though he has actually seen an angel and now is gazing upon another. This shows a dramatic change of language from when Romeo had pontificated about Rosalines many charms. His language, which once was so clichi d and unbelievable, now sounds increasingly beautiful and truthful. Shakespeare is showing the audience that this is real, and that this is a sharp contrast to the love of Rosaline. Shakespeare is showing us that Romeo is now maturing, growing up and capable of love, and full of it.The audience, as this is pen as a play to be seen, not to be read, feel involved in their love, that they have contributed to it just by watching and thusly are part of it. This sense of involvement makes the neding even more traumatic, and also shows Shakespeares true brilliance at understanding how to capture an audience and his genius qualities. When Juliet sees Romeo, Juliet reminds Romeo that if her kinsmen see him, theyll reach him. He answers Alack, there lies more peril in thine eye/ Than twenty of their swords. Look thou but sweet/ And I am proof against their hatred (2. 2. 71-72).He means what was often said in love poetry at the time, that an unfriendly glance from the eye of a lady could kill t he man who was in love with her. On the other hand, a sweet look from Juliet is all that he needs to protect him from her kinsmen. When again she worries, he points out in his one practical statement that he is hidden by the night and then says that if she loves him, its ok if her kinsmen find him, because his Life were better ended by their despise than death prorogued wanting of thy love (2. 2. 77-78). In other words, hed much rather have her love and die on the spot, than not have her love and die later.Romeo goes on to say that hes a ship pilot but if Juliet was as far away As that vast shore washed with the farthest ocean/ I would adventure for such merchandise (2. 2. 83-84) The verb adventure doesnt mean have fun, it means take a huge chance. In Shakespeares time, there were many adventurers that risked their lives and often lost them looking for the Mystical North West Passage to China. And Merchandise as Romeo uses it, means not saleable goods but rich treasure When Romeo a nd Juliet have both declared their love for each other, Shakespeares language shows another change in Romeo.It looks as if Juliets about to go, as the nurse has called her, but Romeo exclaims O swag thou leave me so unsatisfled (2. 2. 125) and she asks What satisfaction canst thou have tonight? Juliet had worried that Romeo weas unsatisfied because he wanted sex which could have confirmed her lingering fears that Romeo might be the wrong kind of lover, the lover that loved Rosaline. However he has changed, their love has changed him and he answers thjat he wanted the exchange of thy loves faithful profane swearing for mine The wedding takes place in Act 2 Scene 6.Romeo is already at the cell suggesting he is eager. Wr do not see them get married but it just means when we see them together its all the more potent. The Friar begins with a prayer, hoping the union of love and blessing. The Friar knows that the marriage will be difficult So smile the heavens upon this holy act sho wing that he is asking for some help from God. Romeo says One moment in her friendship is worth the world and a lifetime of sorrow. This is hyperbolic showing his seriousness, devotion and love. Romeo says he will give up anything to call her his, challenging death.As soon as he sees Juliet he kisses her. This shows how actions can speak louder than words, especially in context off a play. The love that he feels is real and immeasurable. Romeo invites Juliet to describe their love. He wants to parade it. It is beautiful music, it is beyond words. Juliet cannot describe the way she feels. She is exaggerating and this shows that there is no control, that this is reckless. It is a warning. In Act 3 sScene 5 this is the last time they see each other viable. Proleptic irony is used, Juliet prefigures the ending telling him he looks dead.He tries to make light of the comment saying that dry sorrow drinks their blood. The ending is very sad different from the beginning of the scene wh en Juliet does not want her to leaves. She listens to her heart and not her head. Romeo is practical pointing out all the tangible objects to prove it is day and therefore he moldiness leave. Romeo makes the ultimate romantic gesture and says he will lay down his life to spend a little more timw ith Juliet. He finally puts Juliets wishes before his own. His flowery language disappears and his words have force because of their simplicity. Hed rather stay with her and die, than leave.The analogy of light is brought into this scene, but now the light brings misery. Romeo finishes Juliets couplet, showing that they are at their emotionally and most linguistically united, they must split asunder. Romeo assures Juliet that they will see each other again. Act 5 scene 3 Romeo campares himself in his deperation to an animal, nothing will stop him, he is determinded to end his life with Jkuliet, at the beginning of the speech he is reasonable, acting alone. Romeo compares the tomb to a holl ow (a stomach) suggesting death is hungry, he calls it a womb of death, where he used to opposite words to juxtapose.He is in a moelstron of emotion and compares the tomb to and an animal, to which jaws he must pierce open. He is willing to die nd pact more meat into deaths hungry jaws. He enters the tomb (line 85) Romeo returns to the light imagery it is full of metaphors and personification but it has lost its flowery conventionism and false romantic gloss, he is natural and dramatic. Again even in death she is still beautiful, radiant and full of light he uses the lightening imagery their love and passion was a brief flash before death.He calls her his love, his wife and uses term of indeerment, she is both a familiar object and a woman he loves and adores. Death has not stolen the power of beauty, ironic because she is really alive and not actually dead. He is overwhemelled by his feelings and how alive she looks. He speeks with emphatic language to him, she is still perfect a nd flawless. Romeo asks for Tybalts forgiveness, so that his sins will not go with him to the next life, he shows maturity, he asks lost of questions with no answers, because he can not believe she is not alive. He is jealous of death, who has a bigger hold over Juliet than him.He compares the tomb to a palace, because in it he will finally be with Juliet, he take control of his own destiny and Shagspear uses the rule of 3 eyes arms lips building to a confluence sensual desire and spiritual love for her in the climax. Devotion and desire without Juliet, hes life is worthless, he is mature, acting alone to a steady pace. When talking about the possiion he compares his body to a shit and the poison the pilot who will take him to the next life. He tosses off Juliet one last time and dies with her name on his lips.

Novel Elliptic-function Low-pass Filter (LPF)

newfangled Elliptic-function Low-pass Filter (LPF)Performance of microstrip low pass penetrate with stub loaded Electromagnetic Band cranny ground planeMariselvam V, Raju SAbstractA novel egg-shaped-function low-pass filter (LPF) is Presented, which consists of a Electromagnetic striation gap on the ground plane. The Electromagnetic band gap provides the required wideband attenuation in stop band, while the slot provides steep transition from pass band to stop band. A 5.4 gigacycle per second louver-pole LPF is developed and experimental provides show that it has a sharp cutoff frequency reply. The measured pass band insertion-loss is below 0.4 dB, and the rejection band over 15 dB is from 5.425 gigacycle to 8.25 GHz, Which increases from 2.95 GHz. KeywordsDefected ground complex body part (DGS), elliptic-function filter, low-pass filter (LPF).1. INTRODUCTIONRecently, defected ground structure (DGS) has become unmatched of the most interesting argonas of research in atom -bomb and millimetre wave Applications 1. It could be widely used in atom-bomb rope frame such(prenominal) as power divider, power amplifier and especially in filter public figure 19. Low pass filters (LPF) design require that both in-band and out-band carrying into actions should be low loss, high selectivity, high rejection, and wide spurious free frequency ranges. m any(prenominal) another(prenominal) an(prenominal) novel types of microstrip filters have been proposed and designed. Periodic or non- biennial DGS are realized by etching a slot in the backside metallic ground plane. The inscribed slot disturbs effectively the current distribution in the ground plane of microstrip rootage and the results in resonant characteristics 2, 3.IT is well know that typical properties of low-pass filters (LPFs) toilet be obtained by adding periodic structures to transmission defines. The representative periodic structures for planar transmission deciphers and/or microwave circuit s are photonic band gap (PBG) and defected ground structure (DGS) 4, 5. The PBG has been known as a popular periodic structure for planar transmission lines. However, drawbacks of PBGs have been also discussed as follows.1) A large area is needed because a number of periodic patterns should be adopted.2) It is obscure to define the unit instalment, and difficult to extract the equivalent-circuit elements for the PBG unit element.3) Therefore, it is very restricted to extend its practical application to microwave circuits. To the contrary, one can easily define the unit element of the DGS and model the equivalent circuit.In addition, since only a few DGS elements show the typical properties of periodic structures, the resultant circuit coat becomes relatively small. Furthermore, the structure of the DGS is simple and it is easy to design the DGS pattern. For these reasons, since 4 has introduced the structure and called it a DGS for the first time, the DGS has been extensively appl ied to design microwave circuits such as filters, power dividers, couplers, amplifiers, oscillators, and so on 1, 612.There is more than previous research about the characteristics of LPFs having periodic structures on microstrip or Coplanar waveguide (CPW) transmission lines 1316However most of them are non analytical because they mainly depend on electromagnetic (EM) dissemblings to design LPFs and predict circuit performances. To the contrary, in the design of LPFs exploitation DGSs including this study, all design steps are based on theories and reasonable explanations as follows.The equivalent-circuit elements of the DGS is extracted and used for replacing the series inductances in the LPF Prototype circuit.The LPF is make up of the extracted equivalent lumped Elements, thus, it is an ideal LPF, is designed, and is compared to the realized LPF using the DGS practically.Two methods to design a three-pole LPF using the DGS has been proposed in 1 and 6. In these papers, the sizes of two DGS patterns in the LPF were exactly the same because two inductances in the three-pole L1 (series) C2 (shunt) L3 (series) effigy LPF are identical. In 6, discontinuity elements such as tee- or cross-junctions were adopted to connect open stubs to realize the shunt capacitance. However, in the three-pole LPF proposed in 1, in that location are no junction elements, thin transmission lines for high impedance, or open stubs. In addition, the width of the transmission-line elements in the LPF has been remarkably broadened. Thus, advantages such as duncical design and error-robust realization fabricating the layout have been obtained. However, in order to design -stage LPFs using the DGS, e.g., a five-stage like L1 (series) C2 (shunt) L3 (series) C4 (shunt) L5 (series), two different dimensions of the DGS have to be adopted because L3 is not equal to L1=L5, although. In order to select the proper dimension of the DGS for L3 careful reflexion based on filter theor ies, extracted equivalent- circuit elements of various DGS dimensions, and some link up topics of transmission lines should be taken. The size of the DGS for L3 is determined by accurate curve-fitting results for equivalent-circuit elements to correspond exactly to the required inductance. In addition, the length of transmission-line elements between DGS patterns is determined through the consideration for the equivalent capacitance and additional parasitic inductance, as well as the required shunt capacitances in the simulacrum LPF. Therefore, a design of a five-pole DGS-LPF requires many more complex steps than the previous three-pole DGS-LPF shown in 1 and 6. Thus, the goal of this paper is to propose a new technique to design an -pole LPF having (DGS-LPF), and to generalize the previous design method for N5 using different sizes of DGS patterns. For this purpose, modeling for the equivalent circuit of the DGS, a curve fitting for determining the required different sizes of the Fig.1 Top view of the Microstrip line with a DGS pattern and its dimensions in mmFig.1a. Bottom view of the Microstrip line with a DGS pattern and its dimensions in mmDGS that reflects the inductance values in the prototype LPF and a practical design example will be successively discussed.In order to show the validity of the proposed method, a five pole DGS-LPF, as an example, is designed and measured in this paper. The five-pole DGS-LPF has a much wider microstrip line than conventional microstrip LPFs, and does not include high-impedance lines, which have been essentially required in conventional design. The series inductances in the prototype LPF are realized by DGSs, while the shunt capacitances are realized by the widely compensated transmission line. Therefore, no discontinuity elements such as tee- or cross-junction for connecting open stubs are required because there are no stubs in the DGS-LPF.2. DGS PATTERN AND MODELING FOR THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUITFig. 1and 1a shows a micros trip line having a dumb-bell DGS and its -parameters from an EM simulation. Two elliptical defected areas and one connecting slot correspond to the equivalently added inductance (L) and capacitance(C), separately. Accordingly, a resonance occurs at a certain frequency because of the pair LC circuit. Inversely, it is intuitively known that the equivalent circuit includes a pair of parallel inductor capacitor from the resonant phenomenon in the -parameter. This means the microstrip line having the DGS does not have all-pass characteristics, but restricted pass band properties.Fig.2. Equivalent circuit of the microstrip line with unit DGS using ADSIn addition, slow-wave characteristics are observed receivable to the added components of the DGS 3, 5, 9. The defected areas can be realized by not only ellipse, but also other geometries such as triangle, circle, hexagon, octagon, spiral, and so on. It is very clear that the resonant frequency (wo) of the DGS and 3-dB cutoff frequency (w c 3dB) exist as shown in Fig. 1.The equivalent circuit of the DGS can be extracted because this kind of electrical characteristic is observed from a typical L C parallel resonant circuit.The equivalent circuit of the DGS and one-pole Butterworth prototype of the LPF are presented the DGS in Fig. 2. The equivalent L C elements are metrical by (13) because two reactance values of Fig. 2(a) must be equal at wc 3dB as followsXLc= (1)XL = Zo g1 (2)XLc = c, (3)Where w(=1), g1 (=2) and Zo (=50) are the normalized 3-dB cutoff frequency, element value of one-pole Butterworth prototype LPF, and port impedance, respectively, and wo = (1/ Lk1Ck1). The calculated L2and c2 of the DGS shown in Fig. 2 are 3.2 nH and 0.8194 pF, respectively. Fig. 3 shows an excellent agreement between the previous -parameters shown in Fig. 1 and the new ones calculated using Lk1and ck1. Advanced Design System (ADS), a circuit simulator from Agilent Technologies, has been used for the calculation. This agreement means that the modeling technique is valid in extracting the equivalent-circuit elements. It should be noted that this is one of the great advantages of DGS because it is possible to define the unit element of the DGS and to establish the equivalent circuit of it, while the conventional Planar transmission lines with a periodic structure such as a PBG have difficulty in defining the unit element and to extract the modeled circuit element.2.1 DESIGN OF THE FIVE end LOWPASS FILTERA. Prototype LPF and Adoption of DGSThe method to design a five-pole LPF using the DGS is discussed here. Fig. 3 depicts the prototype circuit of a five-pole LPF. Here gi (i=0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), represent the normalized element values of a Chebyshev prototype LPF for the given ripple 17. According to the design theory of filters, in order to transform the prototype LPF to the LPF composed of lumped elements, the values of L1,C2,L3,C4 and L5can be determined owing to the impedance andFig.3. Five-pole Chebysh ev prototype LPF with Elliptic DGSFig.3a. Equality of a series inductor to an LC parallel circuitfrequency scaling rules expressed in (4)(6). Here, c means the newspaper clippingoff frequency of the LPFL1 = = = L4 (4)L3 = (5)C2 = = C4 (6)Fig.4. Performance of the designed five pole LPF using ADSFig.5. Performance of the designed five pole LPF using CST2.2 military operation OF THE DESIGNED DGS-LPFFIG. 6 shows the measured S-parameters of the designed DGS-LPF, as compared with the theoretical performance (circuit simulation) and the EM simulation by CST-MWS. As shown, the measurement result agrees with the EM simulation very well. The designed elliptical function DGS-LPF exhibits a much shaper transition knee than the Chebyshev one reported in 5. Its transition bandwidth from 1 to 20 dB attenuation is only 0.45 GHz. The measured pass band insertion loss is less than 0.3 dB. The stop bandwidth corresponding to 15dB rejection is from 2.95 to 8.25 GHz. The total length of the design ed DGS-LPF is 17 mm, and compared with the LPF reported in 5, it is reduce about 40.88% and compared with the LPF reported in 6 it is reduced about 14.66%.Fig.6. Measured result of the designed five pole LPF using Agilent electronic network analyzer N5230A3. PERFORMANCE OF THE PROPOSED DGS LOWPASS FILTERFig.7. Top view of the Microstrip line and its dimensions in mmFig.7a. Bottom view of the Microstrip line and its dimensions in mmThe proposed five-pole DGS-LPF has a much wider microstrip line than conventional microstrip LPFs, and does not include high-impedance lines, which have been essentially required in conventional design. The series inductances in the prototype LPF are realized by DGSs, while the shunt capacitances are realized by the widely compensated transmission line. A stub like elements which gives a inductance effect is introduced in the proposed DGS-LPF.DGS combined with microstrip line causes a resonant character of the structure transmission with a resonant frequ ency controllable by changing the shape and size of the slot. There is a huge evolution in terms of defected shapes dumbbell, periodic, fractal, circular, spiral, and L shaped 1214. In this paper, a novel elliptic shape DGS is proposed for the LPF design. The use of elliptic shape DGS will be shown to give sharp cut off frequency response as well as a good performance in the pass band. The analysis of the dimension parameters with different dimension parameters was demonstrated as a design guide. The equivalent circuit (EC) has been extracted to characterize the proposed low-pass filter. The equivalent circuit model agrees with the field simulation results. The theoretical and measured results are presented with good agreement for LPF. The total length of the designed DGS-LPF is 15 mm, and compared with the LPF reported in 5, it is reduced about 60% and compared with the LPF reported in 6 it is reduced about 29%, the pass band increases up to 5.425 GHz from 2.95 GHz and the stop ban dwidth corresponding to 15dB rejection is from 5.425 GHz which is suitable for WLAN applicationFig.8. Comparison Performance of the designed five pole LPFFig.9. Equivalent circuit of the microstrip line with unit DGS using ADSFig.10. Measured result of the proposed five pole LPF using Agilent Network analyzer N5230ATab 1 Performance of the five pole LPF using CSTTab 2 Dimensions of the proposed DGS designsTab3. Prototype elements of the five pole elliptic function LPFFig.11. Top view of the prototypeFig.11a. Bottom view of the prototype4. CONCLUSIONThis letter has presented a new LPF to obtain elliptic-function response using Dumbbell shaped DGS. The designed LPF exhibits sharp cutoff frequency response, low insertion loss, and excellent stop band performance. The proposed design procedure can be extended to arbitrary -stage LPF. In addition, its physical structure is only composed of defect and microstrip line, so it is easy to fabricate. Since this design is simple, analytical, an d does not require any optimization process, this kind of equivalent circuit model of DGS and its design technology may be further applied to various microwave circuits such as low-noise amplifiers, diplexers, mixers, and so on.ReferencesSERGIO PALMA PACHECO, JIANEI WANG, JONG- GWAN YOOK, AND LINDA P. B. KATEHI, Micromachined Filters on Synthesized Substrates Rhonda Franklin Drayton, IEEE Trans. Microwave supposition Tech, 2001, Vol. 49, No. 2.SYSTEMS PIERRE BLONDY, ANDREW R. BROWN, Low-Loss Micro machined Filters for Millimeter-Wave Communication,1998 IEEE vol.38, pp 22-23.C. Y. CHI AND G. M. REBEIZ Conductor loss limited stripline resonator and filters, IEEE Trans. Microwave scheme Tech., 1996, vol. 44, pp.626629.S. V. ROBERTSON, L. P. B. KATEHI, AND G. M. REBEIZ, Micromachined self-packaged W-Band bandpass filters, in IEEE MTT-S Symp. Dig., 1995, pp. 15431546.J. S. LIM, C. S. KIM, D. AHN, Y. C. JEONG, AND S. NAM, Design of low-pass filters using defected ground structure, IE EE Trans. Microw.Theory Tech., 2005, vol. 53, no. 8, pp. 25392545.JINPING YANG AND WEN WU Compact Elliptic-Function Low-Pass Filter Using Defected Ground Structure IEEE Microwave and Wireless components letters, 2008, Vol. 18, No. 9.GATAN PRIGENT, ERIC RIUS, FRANOIS LE PENNEC, SANDRICK LE MAGUER, CDRIC QUENDO, GONZAGUE SIX, AND HENRI HAPPY, Design of Narrow-Band DBR Planar Filters in SiBCB Technology For Millimeter-Wave Applications 2009 IEEE xplor.Vol.13.R. F. DRAYTON, S. PACHECO, J.-G. YOOK, AND L. KATEHI, Micromachined filters on synthesized substrates, in IEEE MTT-S Int. Microwave Symp. Dig., 1998, pp. 11851188.S. DEEPAK RAM PRASATH, A. THENMOZHI, P. SRINIVASABHARATHWAJ, S.RAJU, AND V.ABHAIKUMAR A Novel Miniaturized Filter on Micromachined Multilayered Substrates IETE 2008, Vol.54, No.2.RHONDA FRANKLIN DRAYTON, SERGIO PALMA PACHECO, JIANEI WANG, JONG-GWAN YOOK, , AND LINDA P. B. KATEHI Micro machined Filters on Synthesized Substrates, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech.,2001, v ol.49, no. 2.S.RIKI BANERJEE AND RHONDA FRANKLIN DRAYTON, Circuit Models for Constant Impedance Micro machined Lines on Dielectric Transitions, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech.,2004, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 105-111.B.F. ZONG, G. M. WANG, H. Y. ZENG, Y. W. WANG. Compact and High Performance Dual-band Bandpass Filter using Resonator-embedded Scheme for WLANs RADIOENGINEERING, 2012, VOL. 21, NO. 4.K.ANNARAM, SURESH NITHYA. Investigation of Compact Low Pass Filter with Sharp CutOff using Metamaterial RADIOENGINEERING, 2013, VOL. 22, NO. 3.PIERRE BLONDY, ANDREW R. BROWN, DOMINIQUE CROS AND GABRIEL M.REBEIZ, Low-Loss Micro machined Filters for Millimeter-Wave Communication Systems, 1998.JIA-SHENG HONG AND M.J.LANCASTER, Microstrip Filters for RF/Microwave Applications , John Wiley Sons, Inc., 2001About AuthorsMariselvam VENKAT Obtained his BE degree from PTR College of Engineering and Technology, Madurai and ME from Thiagarajar college of Engineering Anna university Chennai in 2010 respe ctively. He is now pursuing PhD in the Electronics and Communication Engineering department, Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai., India. His area of interests includes microwave and millimeter wave circuits. emailprotectedRaju SRINIVASAN Obtained her BE degree from the PSG college of technology university of madras ,India and M.tech degree from NIT Trichy ,India 1982 and 1984 respectively she received her PhD from Madurai Kamarajar University, Madurai in 1996 .She is now working as a professor and head of the department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, Thiagarajar college of Engineering Madurai, India her areas of research interest are wireless technologies, RF circuits and systems. emailprotected.

Plastic Surgery Teenagers

Plastic Surgery Teen be onrsPlastic surgery among teenagers- Is it worth the risk?IntroductionThe word moldable origins from Greek plastikos, which means to mold or to give form. Plastic surgery is a special type of procedure which comprises a persons appearance and physical functional abilities. approximately teens go for waxy surgery because of genuine reasons. Some claims it is the impact of the society where ugly people will be discriminate. While several(prenominal) atomic number 18 due to the low egotism and the result of eubstance imaging. Nevertheless, public will uncouthly ask is it worth the risk for teenagers to take plastic surgery in much(prenominal)(prenominal) young age? , Is plastic surgery safe? And how tail teenagers harbour a right choice of taking plastic surgeries? Therefore, this research paper will be gravid a view at the history of plastic surgery, reasons why teenagers undergo plastic surgery, the advantages and risk of taking plastic surgery and finally conclude how can a teenage make a go under decision of taking plastic surgery.Types of plastic surgery Since years, plastic surgeons flip been working hard to remedy patients self esteem and appearance through two main types of plastic surgery.Reconstructive surgeryReconstructive surgery is a procedure which is d single to correct or improve defects on parts of body either on appearance or function, including physical defects such as cleft lips and palates, traumatic surgeries uniform burns, and skin and tissue damages caused by disease or injury (Health Encyclopedia 2008).Cosmetic surgeryCosmetic surgery is also kn throw as aesthetic surgery, a surgery that can alter unattractive facial features or parts of body which a person is non satisfied with. Non working(a) cosmetic surgeries like the usage of special laser to remove scars are very common among people. . Surgical cosmetic procedures such as breast implantation, rhinoplasty, and liposuction are also acceptable by the society nowadays (Hirsch 2006).History of plastic surgeryAccording to Backstein (2005), the first documented reconstructive surgery was done in 600 B.C in ancient India. Where physicians in India started to explore skills on nose repairing which is now known as rhinoplasty, results from the nose amputation as one of the Indian penal system. However, the disembowel driving most of the plastic surgeries developments is fight, when the First World War begins during the late 1800s and early 1900s (Schnur 2007). During that time, plastic surgeries are used as treatments for injurious facial wounds such as shattered jaws, blown-off nose and lips and also gaping skull wounds causes by modern weapons. The development of plastic surgery started to shoot when the United States got involve in the war in the year 1917. After the war ends, new and innovative reconstructive surgeries are desperately needed as the discharge soldiers with awful facial defacement are not able to acquire a job, find a wife or mediocre walk down the streets like formula persons.Statistics of plastic surgery According to ASPS (2007), a total of 11.8 million cosmetic procedures were done in 2007, experiencing an increase as much as 7 % from the year 2006. Non running(a) cosmetic surgery or minimally-invasive cosmetic procedures covers nearly 10 millions of the total procedure done whereas surgical cosmetic covers 1.8 million cases. In 11.8 million cases, 0.2 million of these cases are done on teenagers around 13 to 19 years old.The top five surgical cosmetic surgery which teenagers deem done is nose job (38,886 procedures), breast reduction in male teenagers (16,400 procedures), breast augmentation (10,500 procedures on teenagers of age 18 to 19), otoplasty (8,062 procedures) and liposuction (4,950 procedures). Whereas Laser hair removal (67,523 procedures), laser treatment for leg veins (22,831 procedures), laser skin resurfacing (13,890 procedures), microdermabrasion (11,260 proc edures) and Botox (11,023 procedures) are the top five non surgical cosmetic surgery done on teenagers (ASPS 2007). Total 224,658 cosmetic procedures were done on teenagers in the year 2007, which is slightly more than the year 2003 which draw 223000 cosmetic procedures (Zuckerman 2005).Reasons why teenagers undergo plastic surgeryLow self esteem or self-confidenceTeens think that plastic surgery can help them improve their self-confidence (Zuckerman 2005).Teenagers, normally think of plastic surgery when they found out themselves are not as good as the other(a)s .According to Melanie (2008), A girl named Wohl felt self conscious of her body, comparing it to her friends who were filling out their bathing suits on the beach and Dr Greenburg says that at that place are girls and women who are overwhelmed by the fact that they do not have breasts like their friends do. So, most of them dont play gymnastics or go on dates besides because they cannot wear certain clothing, and these things happens almost every day. This two examples shows that teenagers use to compare themselves to their friends of the same age or even celebrities who had a wonderful appearance, this comparison results in low self esteem in teenagers and may lead them to a pessimistic life.Peer PressuresAccording to Hirsh (2006), teens view plastic surgery as a way to fit in and look acceptable to friends and peers. Friends play an important role in teenagers life teenagers spent most of their time with friends and schoolmates. As a result, teens may have a thought that they want what their friends have so that they feel comfortable to go along with them. For an example, If most of the friends of a teenager have undergo plastic surgery and feel satisfy with it, then he/she will normally follow the trend, without understanding the risk that they may be taking. other than that, even schoolmates could be the queen-sizedgest reason why teenagers turn up for plastic surgery, especially in image d riven college.Parent EncouragementNowadays, it is very common that parents giving plastic surgeries as their childs 18th birthday or graduation gifts. Although the greet of plastic surgery are high, but parents are willing to tolerate just to make their child look better. Parents now, not only scare that their kids will be left behind academically but also aesthetically. Parents make their child get plastic surgery, this is the opinion of Dr. Shim Hyung Bo, a plastic surgeon in Korea (Ko 2002). Most parents, who had undergone plastic surgery, will also encourage their children to do so as they are satisfy with the results. Dermatology times show that some parents desperately want liposuction or facial surgery for their teens.Advantages of Plastic SurgeryImprove self esteemStudies found that body-image satisfaction improve after plastic surgery (Zukerman 2005). Teenage who has inheritance defects, such as having birth marks or big hips, might feel pessimistic with their abnormal ap pearance receiving disgust look from friends or even other people. Plastic surgery is a way for them to shape up their self-confidence, as cruel comments towards them will reduce. Healey (1999) says that breast implants boosted self-confidence of a women name Kent. Self esteem is built in people who face difficulties in their life, due to the natural appearance, they had difficulties when it comes to social with people and they get teased. Plastic surgery can help them get rid of bad names and cruel comments from people. turn Physical DefectsFor teenagers who have natural birth defects such as cleft lips and palates and having breast that is too big, they might not be leading a normal life like we do. Not only with natural birth defects, teenagers who experience serious accident or burns which may ruin their facial and body appearance will also have the same paradox. They unremarkably face problems such as difficulty of eating or even moving around. At this moment, plastic surger y will be appropriate for these people to help them lead a normal life like us. Mann (2001) also provide evidence, cardinal year old Kimberlys triple D breasts may have gotten the boys attention, but this gave her many health problems as she will feel pain even when she walks, and having do pain when she jogs. A breast reduction changes her life, now she can exercise freely without experiencing any difficulties. This evidence shows that plastic surgery cannot be treated as making something fake over the body as it helps people to overcome certain difficulties in daily life.Disadvantages and Risk of Plastic SurgeryPhysical Most studies show that in that location are risks behind every plastic surgery from minor effects such as permanent scarring to serious effect which some will even lead to death. There are concerns somewhat plastic surgery on teenagers as their body is still maturing. Infections are major problem faced by teenagers, especially in the first three months after ha ving their plastic surgery. At this moment, they may feel painful and also suffers from itchiness. Other than that, in that respect are cases that show serious effects of plastic surgery. Marinelli (2001) says that she lost her daughter to liposuction, where her daughter, Lisa Marie went for a liposuction and end up having damage in her vein and the doctor level(p) her bandage too tightly cutting off her circulation. This shows that plastic surgery will cause negative effects if it is not done properly and have enough safety procedures. The seriousness of the procedures can be seen as this should be one of the concerns people should make before making decisions of taking plastic surgeries. psychological StressWhen things do not turn to its right face, mostly teenagers might experience personal regret. For teenagers who are not satisfied with the results, may end up with committing suicide or having another plastic surgery in order to correct it. There is a very good example, which was Michael capital of Mississippi who had almost undone his face to plastic surgery. Instead of having a pair of eyes and a nose that looks like his sister Janet Jackson, and also the lips that looks like Latoya Jackson who is also one of his sisters, he now having a funny combination on his face with a totally destroyed nose. He too went for lightening of his skin. On the other hand, teenagers might be facing the addiction of having plastic surgery. Teenagers also might have to overcome the trauma of having surgical procedures.Before and after photo of Michael JacksonSource www.bluestarchronicles.comCostCost of plastic surgery is not cheap Just a simple cheek implant will cost about $500 to $1500. Popular surgery such as rhinoplasty, liposuction and breast implants will most probably cost supra $1200 (Healey 1999). Teenagers may not afford the cost of having plastic surgery, which cause them taking part-time job, or even burdening their parents. Most plastic surgery cost are not covered by insurance, when anything goes wrong, there will be an additional cost for repairing it, especially facial procedures.How can teenagers make a right choice of taking plastic surgery?Firstly, Teenagers own desire for plastic surgical improvement must be clearly expressed, she/he must have a goal of realistic and also have sufficient maturity before she can head to plastic surgery. Second, Parents should have a counseling session face to face with their children to know what their children really want. When the above task is completed, and yet teenagers still insist of having plastic surgery, contact a qualified plastic surgeon and have another counseling session by physiological test to qualified teenagers to have plastic surgery. According to Mann 2001, there are certain characteristic of teenagers who are poor candidates for plastic surgery such as teenagers who are encourage by friends and families when they are not interested in plastic surgery. Teenagers have the tende ncy to follow trends, they usually listen to what their peers says and just follow them without noticing any risks. They should undergo different section of counseling before making decision as this will affect their whole life.ConclusionTeenagers usually make decision to take plastic surgery before demanding the risk of it. Most of them are just immature enough to think about certain factors which may cause them a life-long effect. According to this research report, the risk of plastic surgery is too big for teenagers who have just step into their life. In conclusion, it does not worth the risk for a teen to have plastic surgery in the early age just to improve his/her appearance. As they have to consider the risk if the surgery goes wrong, that will be a life-long .

Trends in Nigerias telecommunications sector

Trends in Nigerias telecommunications heavensCHAPTER 4This section reviews the various trends in the flow of FDI in Nigerias telecommunications argona the pre- ease era and the post liberalisation era of the sphere of influence putting into consideration the circumstances that led to this policy change by the organisation of Nigeria. The determinants of telecoms FDI and its allude on Nigerias economic growing is analyze taking note of the trend in inflow before and after the adoption of the liberalisation policy (1980 and 2008)4.1.1 Pre-Liberalisation Era Move towards Liberalisation (1980-1999)Prior to 1980, the telecommunications heavens was viewed as a strategically imperative but comparatively neglected sphere of influence in Nigeria. It was one of the some undeveloped telecoms sector in Africa as it was largely characterized by poor operation manifested in low profitability, large unmet demand for go, poor technical and operational quality of profit, and absence of juvenile serve. The sector was heavily dominated by the state-run monopoly-NITELIn spite of the mounting hitches of the telecom sector in Nigeria, the need for its privatization was not felt until the mid 1980s with the number 1 of the structural adjustment programme (SAP). Between 1988 and 1991, the Technical Committee on Privatization and Commercialization (TCPC) carried out a comprehensive diagnostic appraisal of NITELs operations and pick out the commercialization option because the enterprise was considered strategic. The aim of this sector reform was to increase competition, lead to greater managerial autonomy and purify the incentive structure through the eradication of some of the principal-agent problems (Jerome, 2002).The resort to privatization/commercialization was informed by several considerations. First, by 1985, the quantum of resources required to sustain the state owned enterprise (SOE) NITEL had get under ones skin an agonizing burden on Nigeria. Second, it was predicted that a c atomic number 18fully jut outned privatization programme would be an effective strategy to improve efficiency of operations, broadening share ownership, attracting hostile enthronisation and reduce governing participation where the private sector has the capabilities to operate more efficiently and lastly, the success of developed countries privatisation programme (Jerome, 2002).Prior to commercialization, NITEL operated as a truly inefficient monopoly grappling with neediness of clear policy direction, counterproductive bureaucratic red tape and a myriad of azoic(a) problems. These negative factors put together prompted the regimen to make policy changes towards FDI. Subsequently, the telecommunications industry in Nigeria witnessed the deregulation of telecommunications services in 1992 through the promulgation of Nigerian communication theory Commission (NCC) Decree, No. 75 of 1992, introducing private participation in the readiness of teleco mmunications services in Nigeria, thus ending the state-owned NITELs monopoly of the sector and ushering in competition. The federal government activity, through the promulgation of Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC) Decree No. 75 of 1992, introduced private participation in the provision of telecommunications services in Nigeria. The telecommunications business was hereby open to unlike operators in different telecommunications service areas to improve the sectors efficiency (Jerome, 2002).During this period, the government issued a new policy framework and set the following sector targets to increase telecommunication addition rate to an annual minimum of 13.5% such that 10% of the rural communities are served in the short term, 30% in the medium term and 60% in the long term achieve a teledensity of 1.5 by 2001 by installing 1.5 million lines and 1.2 million lively telephone lines. Install 8 million obdurate lines by 2005 and ensure that in the medium term, telephones are within 5 kilometres walking distance in stead of the current 50 kilometres (Tella et al, 2007). All this and stock-still more was achieved within a short period of time after foreign endueors entered the telecoms trade.Under the new dispensation, NITEL was denied access to subsidies, privileges and former(a) forms of soft capital that modifyd it to argue without improving efficiency. More grandly, commercialization was quickly followed by deregulation, which put an end to state owned NITELs monopoly of the sector. NITEL responded to the competitive environment by articulating a strategic plan aimed at ensuring result and retaining a greater commercialise share. The company was reregistered as a overt limited company (Plc) under the Companies and Allied Matters Decree of 1990 with a completely new capital structure of fully paid 55 million ordinary shares of N ampere-second each, giving an equity founding of N5.5 billion and a new gearing ratio of 32 (Jerome, 2002). The companys stature as a fully commercialized enterprise invariably meant greater expectation from government, consumers and the general public. However, the commercialization of NITEL has not been a huge success as NITEL still operates like the civil service, with functions structured within hierarchical and poorly coordinated departments and service provision organized along geographical lines corresponding to administrative regions in the country.4.1.2 Liberalisation and FDI promotion Era (1999-2001)After the first step towards deregulating the telecoms sector by the military government in 1992 to boost the sectors development failed, and also due to the inefficiency of NITEL, the democratic government in 1999 further saw the need to liberalise and elevate foreign coronation in the telecoms sector. As foreign investors seemed to break the expertise and finances required to provide telecommunications services in Nigerias market which was served by the monopoly of NITEL.The relax ation behavior of Nigerias telecommunications industry started in the early 1990s and accelerated in 2000, after the election of a democratic government. By 2001, foreign investors were issued licences to commence operations. Prior to the auction bridge of the license, Nigeria was viewed as a high-risk enthronization country, however, from 2001 all the companies have record impressive trading profits (Ndukwe, 2008). This could suggest that the factors that encouraged foreign firms to invest in Nigerias telecoms sector and the substantial forward motion in the sectors efficiency was as a result of the regime shift. The democratic government encouraged greater private sector and foreign firms participation in the delivery of telecommunications services in Nigeria to introduce competition in the sector, and to strengthen ongoing reform efforts to embrace full privatization of NITEL with a view to overcoming prolonged constraints on telecommunications performance and growth (Jerome, 2002). Therefore, it can be said that the involvement of the democratic government during the liberalisation era acted as an important locational advantage that encouraged market seeking FDI such as telecommunication service firms to invest in Nigeria.Some of the policies embarked on by the Nigerian government to attract foreign investors as a result of the introduction of the SAP are the establishment of the Industrial Development Coordinating Committee (IDCC), investment incentive strategy, the privatization and commercialization programme, and the shift in macroeconomic management in favour of industrialization, deregulation and market-based arrangements. Evidence from literature also found that the macro policies in side before the SAP discouraged foreign investors (Odozi , 1995).Some of the other incentives for foreign investors include the new Nigerian Enterprise decree in 1989 which authorized 100% foreign ownership in any new venture except those in banking, oil, insurance, and mining. Furthermore, the military government decreed the establishment of the Nigerian Investment packaging Commission (NIPC), the commission was charged with the responsibility facilitating the process of businesses set up in Nigeria and thereby reducing the time required to set up a foreign affiliate)as well as the liberalization of the foreign exchange market. The government also introduced a new visa policy to enable genuine foreign investors to acquire entry visa to Nigeria within 48hours of submitting the required documentation, furthermore, the expatriate quota requirement for foreign cases working in Nigeria was re behindd with work permit. The government also provides non-fiscal incentives to foreign investors in the telecommunication sector in addition to a tariff structure that ensures that investors recuperate their investment over a reasonable period of time, bearing in mind the need for differential tariffs between urban and rural areas. Rebate and tax relief ar e provided for the local manufacture of telecommunications equipment and provision of telecommunications services (UNCTAD, 2010). These, with amendments, are the policies implemented by the Nigerian government to attract foreign investment. The relative success of this era, though very little flow of FDI inflow entered the country initially, label the beginning of increased foreign investors interest in Nigeria. As a result, there has been discernible change in the relationship between telecoms FDI and economic growth in Nigeria after these policies were implemented. Subsequently, the reform undertaken resulted in increased profitability, communicate expansion and modernization of telecommunications services in Nigeria.4.1.3 Post Liberalisation Era (2001-2008)During this period, the sector recorded strong growth in the Nigerian telecommunications sector especially in the fixed-line market also, private operators have upstartly increased investments as the market plans for the exp ect boom in internet broadband. Between 2000 and 2009, the telecommunications sector has contributed to Nigerias delivery in various ways such as the creation of direct and indirect custom in the economy. Also, reliable telecommunications profits has improved the productivity and efficiency of other sectors of the economy such as the banking, stock transaction, e-payment, distance learning, e-health and other commercial transactions are now ICT enabled hereby enhancing the quality of life (Ndukwe, 2004). It has further assisted the country to attract FDI into other sectors of the economy theoretically, greater FDI flow into developing countries that have improve telecommunications networks (Lydon and Williams 2005). Which will invariably improve the standard of living of the inhabitants, as the number of people that have direct access to telecoms services have increased previously telecoms services was seen as useful to and affordable for the educated and wealthy people in the country. Also through competition, it has helped improve sector efficiency and the costs of services and the telecommunications products such as phones, laptops, etc have become affordable for the average Nigerian population. Lastly, it has been a source of revenue generation for the government in form of tax. NCC (2006) account that MTN paid N9.8million tax to the Federal Government of Nigeria, while the workers paid N 1.1 billion as tax to the government. The company also paid N34.8 billion to the government for license fee, duties and other statutory payments to the government. At the end of 2007, MTN had paid a total tax of close to N150 billion since it began operations in 2000. The government has bring in a total of N250 billion from spectrum licensing fee (NCC 2008, Mawoli, 2009).The rising share of greenfield projects amoung FDI investment in Nigerias telecoms (as in the case of MTN and Etisalat) reflects the effects of opening the sector to competition and the shrinka ge number of assets to be privatized (World bank, 2006).With the liberalization of the telecommunication sector, Nigerias telecommunications sector is evidently experiencing rapid growth. Figure 4.2 to a set down place shows the trend of telecoms FDI inflow into Nigeria between 1999 when the sector was liberalised and 2008 overtly the growth of the telecommunications sector in Nigeria has exceeded all estimated forecasts.With this growth rate between 1999 and 2008, theres enormous growth potential in the market, as there has been a continuous increase in demand for telecom service because of the market liberalization and massive telecom investments from foreign MNCs. Figure 4.3 below shows the increase in telecoms operators in Nigeria and other African countries. In the first quarter of 2008, there were 22 telecommunications operators in the country, compared to only the monopoly by NITEL as at 1999 (NCC, 2009).Over recent years, all branches of the telecom industry have generate d considerable growth and the telecom industry has emerged as a main motor of the countrys economy. It is only the oil sector that has seen more investment and telecom is now seen as the second most lucrative branch for investment in Nigerias economy. As a result, Nigeria presently possesses Africas largest and most promising telecom market. Even though Nigeria is trying to meet up with other countries in terms of providing phone technology at an affordable price and doing so reliably, the market has taken world-shattering strides in its development (Ariyo 2005). Concomitant with the encouraging volume of FDI inflow for the telecoms sector was a very successful policy which succeeded in effectively changing the pattern of FDI flow into this sector.This growth potential has also attracted foreign operators that have recently acquired some of the private players (HSBC global research, 2009). Such as in the case of Zain which was formely owned by Econet and was later acquired by Vmob ile, in July 2010, Zain announced the sale of 100% of its shares to Bharti Airtel at $10.7 billion on an enterprise basis.The sectors contribution to Nigerias gross domestic product increased from 0.6% in 2001 to 2.8% in 2008 which is an increase over fourfolds. This can be attributed to the increase in foreign investment in the sector.Also, the sector recorded a real GDP growth of 32.54 percent in the first quarter of 2010 compared with 31.75 percent recorded in the first quarter of 2009. The figure below shows the performance of the sector in the first quarter of 2010.The total telecom productivity readiness, number of connected line, competition, GSM telecoms services, service quality, FDI inflow and involvement generation in the telecoms sector improved significantly after full liberalization. However, the industry is still currently facing some challenges such as high operation costs and service tariffs of the telecom companies as a result of the poor electricity supply in th e country (Mawoli, 2009).4.2 Determinants of FDI into the telecoms sector of NigeriaIt is important to note that various factors determine the resource of a firm to invest abroad. Because this case is that of a service firm where their services cannot be easily exported or traded, FDI is the best option. This is market seeking FDI and then its determinants might be different from that of non-service firms. Theoretically, a firm must possess ownership of some firm-specific tangible or intangible asset or acquirement that gives it an advantage over other firms (Ownership advantage) before it can engage in FDI (Dunning, 1988).From the discussion above the determinants of foreign investment into the Nigerian telecommunications sector in the early 2000 till date can be deduced to be the following4.2.1 Liberalization of the sectorThe first sector specific step Nigeria took to attract foreign investment was to liberalize the telecommunications sector therefore opening it up to foreign i nvestors to allow competition and efficiency. This is the most fundamental factor for attracting FDI because if there is no opportunity to invest in a country (other than purchasing the current operator, where that option is offered), there can be no FDI (Worldbank, 2006).By deregulating the domestic telecommunications sector, the Nigerian government predicted that this would make the telecoms markets attractive to foreign investors which was the same strategy adopted by developed nations to improve the state of their telecoms sector. The democratic government embarked on the reform of public enterprises, including privatization, within the framework of macroeconomic reform and liberalization which has been a successful strategy to attract FDI into the telecoms sector of the country (Afeikhena 2002). There was no way foreign investors would have invested in the market without the liberalisation policy which makes it the major determinant of FDI into the sector.4.2.2 Regime typePosit ive improvements have taken place in Nigeria since may 29, 1999 when democracy replaced the flurry of military governments. The democratic government encouraged a number of strong-willed actions in an effort to attract foreign investors into the country (Fatoki 2006). It is obvious that during the military era, foreign firms did not have the interest of investing in Nigerias telecoms market despite the first move towards liberalizing the economy by the military government in 1992 until during the democratic era in 1999 when foreign firms entered the market the following year. Also, the involvement of the democratic government in 2000 encouraged market seeking FDI as it served as a locational advantage for telecommunication service firms to invest in Nigeria.4.2.3 Market size and growthAfter the liberalisation of the sector, strategic foreign investors were haggard into Nigeria to seek new market opportunities, higher heel counters and diversification of risks.The failure of NITEL to meet the demand of lecturers must have influenced foreign investors been that they have prospects to gain large market share because of their knowledge, familiarity and past experiences of foreign investment in other developing countries (as the first entrants MTN and ECONET are multinational firms who have previous investment in other developing countries). With the success of the first few entrants into the sector further attracted more foreign firms into the country in subsequent years despite the perspective of Nigeria as a high-risk investment country.Theoretically, the investment incentive for market seeking FDI such as telecom firms who seek to expand their market presence by increasing their penetration in local markets is the market size and growth. These firms focus on local production and local sale (as opposed to exporting) they hereby place high emphasis on market size, market growth, and consumption ability (Na and Lightfoot 2006). As this is the case for Nigeria telecoms sector whos main aim is to serve domestic markets and become competitive in other ways-such as through proximity to the market and being able to respond to changing local circumstances and preferences (Lim 2001). Moreover, tapping the demand for services in a host country requires a physical presence when services are difficult to trade, which implies that FDI in services is likely to be market-seeking.4.2.4 institutional EnvironmentVarious policies and incentives were adopted by the government to attract FDI in Nigeria. Such institutional factors (as mentioned above) include the 100% foreign ownership, the NIPC, the visa policy to enable genuine foreign investors acquire entry visa to Nigeria within 48hours of submitting the required documentation, work permit in place of expatriate quota for foreign nationals, quick return on investment, rebate and tax relief provided for the local manufacture of telecommunications equipment and provision of telecommunications services. T his factor directly affects business operations and has further encouraged foreign investors in Nigeria telecoms sector.4.3 Impact of telecoms FDI on Nigerias economic growthTelecommunications in Nigeria has performed dual role as a traded service likewise a vehicle for trade in other sectors of the economy. Since the liberalization of the telecoms market in 2000, Nigeria has attracted foreign investors into the country and has been declared as one of the highest growing telecoms market in the world. Concomitant with this is the growth of the economy as a result of this inflow. The usurpation of the industrys FDI inflow on economic growth can be measured from various aspects but the four most important will be addressed in this section. Figure 4.6 below shows the revenue from telecoms as a percentage of GDP. There has been an increase in the revenue from telecoms as a percent of GDP between 1990 and 2008. In 1999 it was at 0.8% which continued to increase to 1.05% in 1992 it howeve r dropped between 1993 and 1997 to 0.7%. In 1998, it increased to 1.35 and declined to 0.65% in 2000. However, the revenue from telecoms between 2001 and 2008 is very much higher than the revenue from telecoms recorded between 1990 and 2000. It increased from 1.5% in 2001 to 3.2% in 2004 but declined in 2005 to 3.1% and grew to 3.4% in 2008.4.3.1 Telecoms FDI and transaction generation.Subsequent to the entry of foreign investors into Nigerias telecom market, the sector has contributed to the economy in various ways one of which is through the generation of employment for a significant number of Nigerians. Over 3,500 people were directly employed and an estimated 400,000 indirect employment created by GSM operators in 2003. However in 2003, total subscribers of telecoms service were about 4million and approximately 59 million in 2008 which would infer that the number of direct and indirect employment created by the telecoms industry would have increased in manifolds (Mawoli, 2009). though, in recent times no proper estimate has been made of the volume and impact of new employment creation due to this growth in the sector. Table 4.1 below (although a bit outdated as a result of unavailability of a more recent one) shows that the telecommunications sector accounts for the highest amount of employment creation in the whole economy as at 2005. However as at March 2010, the telecoms sector created a total of over 3million direct and indirect employment related to the telecoms service in the country. The telecoms sector has hereby increased employment through self finance businesses some of which include dealerships, cyber cafes, one-man phone rosiness operations, phone repairs, sale of accessories, GSM vendors, PR agencies, call centre employees, security personnel, etc (NCC, 2010).Based on this evidence, the fastest growing employer of labour in Nigeria is the telecommunications industry especially the radiocommunication telephone service provider. This increas e in employment is as a result of the liberalisation of the sector which was dominated by a single national telephone provider (NITEL), increase in competition among telecoms players thereby requiring more labour in order to meet the increasing demand for their services and improve the performance of the under-performing sector. Many young Nigerians who would have otherwise remained unemployed are finding steady employment in this sector. Hereby reducing the unemployment rate in the country, although it cannot be concluded that this sector has to large extent helped curb unemployment but it has created more employment in the economy.4.3.2 Telecoms FDI and understructure developmentSince 2001, the telecommunication companies in Nigeria have jointly contributed to the development of the nations infrastructural facilities by investing billions of dollars in infrastructure deployments, network rollouts, upgrades and expansions due to the previous state of Nigerias infrastructure as hig hly underdeveloped. These consist in the main of fibreoptic cables, base stations and satellite connections, transmitting traffic between cities and to other countries. To support the mobile infrastructure, operators have also embarked on edifice backbone networks to improve their operations. Such investments include the construction of trio networks a core telecommunication network, a transmission network, a power supply network and also bringing in skilled ICT employees (NCC, 2010).Telecoms investment has focused on infrastructure development in the fixed and mobile networks, growing subscriber base from 17.4million in 2005 to over 24.1million in 2007. A look at a specific operator illustrates the magnitude of telecom players role in the overall infrastructure and operational investment in Nigeria. MTN which is also the operator with the highest market share has invested the most in Nigeria. After the initial network rollout, which took the lions share of its revenue in 2004, M TN claims to have allocated more than 30% of its revenue to capital expenditure (capex). During this period, MTN focused its investment on building up the transmission network to substitute for the lack of established telecom infrastructure (NCC, 2010). Figure 4.7 below shows the percentage of MTNs revenue allocated to capex.In April 2009, Nigerian operators declared that $10bn in further investment is needed for network upgrades and expansion over the following(a) 10 years. Etisalat Nigeria has a budget to invest about $2bn to build network infrastructure in Nigeria over the next three years. MTN has also secured a loan of $600million for expansion of its operations in Nigeria (NCC, 2010).MTN has received N318 ($2.15 billion) bank loan from 17 local and international banks to further expands it network capacity across the country (Nkanga, 2010). Recently, Industrial and Commercial Bank of China agreed to provide $200 million worth of credit for another telecoms company Zain Nigeri a to purchase telecoms equipment (NCC, 2010).Theoretically, the efforts of these firms to expand capacity reflect the strategic rivalry between firms in the global marketplace in order to compete effectively.4.3.3 Telecoms FDI, Technology and Knowledge wobbleForeign investment in Nigerias telecommunications sector has introduced new technology, research projects and initiatives which have brought significant revenue and an employment boost to Nigeria. So far, most Nigerian mobile operators, such as MTN, Zain and Glo (second national carrier), have undergone a technological evolution from 2G to 2.5G and even 3G. Following Glo Mobiles entry in 2003, the operator started operating on a 2.5G network and brought to Nigeria the benefits of value added services Multimedia Messaging Services (MMS), Glo Mobile Internet, Glo Mobile Office and Glo Fleet Manager (a vehicle tracking application that gives the subscriber the ability to track and trace equipped vehicles which is an early impleme ntation of an M2M (machine to machine) service). Glo was also the first operator to launch mobile access to the Internet, with other 3G licensees replicating the move before long thereafter. MTN launched an HSDPA enabled 3.5G network in June 2008, while Zain launched its 3G service in early 2009. The introduction of berry handsets is another step in the transition to next generation services. The BlackBerry was launched in Nigeria by Globacom in 2006, and MTN followed suit in March 2007. The BlackBerry platform is a powerful tool for business people across Nigeria, habituated the patchy fixed line and Internet penetration in the country. In May 2009, Zain contributed to further popularizing the device by introducing prepaid BlackBerry service. In Nigeria, and at the overall African level, the most immediate wave of innovation will come in the form of connectivity for the growing pools of laptop and smartphone users. In addition, mobile broadband has positive effects on societies through the development of human capital. After analyzing developments in Nigeria, it can be suggested that the rollout of Internet services has positive effects on three broad aspects of the society development, resource management and networking. Telecommunication services improve social transformation in Nigeria by bringing connectivity to remote areas and to lower income strata. In less than a decade, mobile technologies have enabled network access for a large share of the countrys population, with respect to the ability of these technologies to reach remote and sparsely populated areas both faster and more cost effectively than fixed infrastructure. The transfer of technology to Nigeria has reduced the technology gap between developed nations and Nigeria which is a great step towards development which is an essential determinant of long-term economic growth (NCC, 2010).Subsequently, there has been an increase in the number of technologies and a quality improvement of Nigerias e xisting technologies which both play a crucial role in economic growth.Transmission of this new ideas and technologies, adoption of high technology products from more progress economies through FDI, are channels through which technological diffusion can spread to the different sectors of the recipient economy (Toulaboe et al. 2007).ConclusionThis chapter has analysed the various determinants of telecoms FDI in Nigeria and the impact of telecoms FDI on Nigerias economic growth.The determinants are liberalisation of the telecom sector, market size and growth, regime type and institutional environment. Factors such as low transaction costs, policy-making stability and trade openness are cannot be said to be determinants of FDI in Nigerias telecom sector as operators still face a propagate of challenges in the cost of setting up and maintaining their companys operations in Nigeria such as poor power supply and security, high import duties on telecoms equipments (30-70%). Though inter national trade in services is on the rise, the fact remains that many services such as telecommunications are non-tradable or costly to trade. And for the telecoms sector whose products to a large extent cannot be subjected to cross-border trade, the trade openness of a host country can be expected to have less of an impact on FDI inflows in that sector.This section further discussed that FDI in the telecoms sector has contributed to economic growth through the generation of employment, infrastructure development and technology/knowledge transfer. The next chapter discusses the findings and concludes the research work.

Summary of Case Analysis: Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company Essay

Summary of Case Analysis Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company1.INTRODUCTION GOODYEAR TIRE AND RUBBER COMPANYGoodyear Tire and Rubber Company, was founded in 1898 and was the world tire production leader until November 1990 when Groupe Michelin took over after merging with Uniroyal Goodrich Tire Company.Goodyears principal business is the development, manufacture, dissemination, and sale of tires throughout the world. Its tires and tube gross revenue represent 83 % of 1991 corporate sales of $10.9 billion with corporate wide earnings of $96.9 million. It has its owned Goodyear Auto Service Centers and immunityd Goodyear Tire Dealers in supporting its distribution and sale of tires in US. Goodyear controls 20 percent of the worlds tire manufacturing capacity and 37 percent of US tire-making capacity and sales outside US represent 42 % of political party revenues. dining table 1 V Worldwide Market Share, 1990In early 1992, Sears, Roebuck and Company (Sears), owner of Auto Centers prop osed to bewray Goodyears popular brand tire, Eagle. This has raised Goodyears management consideration due to the following facts(i)Goodyear brand tires has declined 3.2 % in market share (4.9 million units) for passenger cars amongst 1987 to 1991(ii)2 million worn-out Goodyear tires were replaced with other brands at 850 Sears Auto Centers.2.THE ISSUEThe declining of Goodyear market share was believed due to the growth of warehouse membership club and the disregard tire retail. See Table 2 and 3 below. In addition to that, about 2 million Goodyear tires were replaced by other brands at Sears Auto Centers in the Replacement Tire Market.Table 2 V US Market Share of Tire Replacement by sell OutletType of Retail Outlet1982 (%)1992 (%)Traditional multibrand independent dealers4444Discount multibrand independent dealers715Chain stores, department stores2014Tire company stores109Service stations118Warehouse clubs06Others84Total100100Table 3 V Pie chart of US Market Share of Tire Repla cement by Retail Outlet The Goodyears management is considering Sears proposal to sell its Goodyears popular brand i.e. Eagle which basically affect it distribution policy.In summary, the above factors l... ...(b)Pricea.To offer high incentive in hurt of transfer of price to the franchise dealers and standard incentive to Sears Auto Centers.(c)Advertising and Promotiona.Strategize the advertising to notify and educate customers of the new and additional channels of Goodyear tire products in the TV and newspaper(d)Distribution and Salesa.To review the existing franchise contracts with the franchise dealers and provide more marketing support to both franchise dealers and Sears.b.To restrict distribution of tires, ie. Channels (franchise and Sears) will only be able to obtain distribution from authorized distributors and not directly from manufacturer, as this will train price stability. 7.CONCLUSIONThe recommendation is to proceed with the review of distribution policy in order to allow Sears to sell Goodyear tires and expand the franchise dealers business to accommodate the on-stop-service centers. This decision will re-gain market share from the warehouse club and discount independent dealers and increase sales of 2 million tires annually as the distribution channels have increase and able to tap loyalty customers of Sears.

Volcanoes :: Volcano Nature Lava Eruption Essays

Vol do-nothingoes This paper will define and discuss the vent to include types of volcanoes, make-up of a volcano, and elements of a volcano such as, lava, rock fragments, and gas. This paper also tells a little bit about volcanic activity in divers(prenominal) parts of the world. What is a volcano? A volcano is a vent in the earth from which molten rock and gas erupt. The molten rock that erupts from the volcano forms a pitchers mound or mountain around the vent. The lava may flow out as a viscous liquid or it may hit the ceiling from the vent as solid or liquid particles. Kinds of volcanic Materials Three basic materials that may erupt from a volcano are 1. lava, 2. rock fragments, and 3. gas. Lava Lava is the bod for magma that has been released onto the Earths surface. When lava comes to the Earths surface, it is red calefactive and may have temperatures of more than 2012 degrees Fahrenheit. Fluid lava flows swiftly down a volcanos slopes. Sticky lava flows more slowly. As the lava cools, it may harden into many a(prenominal) different formations. passing fluid lava hardens into smooth, folded sheets of rock called pahoehoe. Stickier lava cools into rough, jagged sheets of rock called aa. Pahoehoe and aa cover large areas of Hawaii, where the terms originated. The stickiest lava forms flows of boulders and rubble called block flows. It may also form mounds of lava called domes. new(prenominal) lava formations are blow cones and lava tubes. Spatter cones are steep hills that can get up to 100 feet high. They build up from the spatter of geyser-like eruptions of thick lava. Lava tubes are tunnels organise from fluid lava. As the lava flows, its exterior covering cools and hardens. But the lava below continues to flow. After the flowing lava drains away, it leaves a tunnel. Rock Fragments Rock fragment are usually called tephra and are formed from viscous magma. This magma is so sticky that its gas can not easily escape when the magma approaches th e surface or central vent. Finally, the trapped gas builds up so often pressure that it blasts the magma into fragments. Tephra consists of volcanic dust, volcanic ash, and volcanic bombs, (from smallest to largest size particle). Volcanic dust consists of particles less than one one-hundredth inch in diameter. Volcanic dust can be carried for great distances. In 1883, the eruption of Krakatau in Volcanoes Volcano Nature Lava Eruption EssaysVolcanoes This paper will define and discuss the volcano to include types of volcanoes, formation of a volcano, and elements of a volcano such as, lava, rock fragments, and gas. This paper also tells a little bit about volcanic activity in different parts of the world. What is a volcano? A volcano is a vent in the earth from which molten rock and gas erupt. The molten rock that erupts from the volcano forms a hill or mountain around the vent. The lava may flow out as a viscous liquid or it may explode from the vent as solid or liquid particle s. Kinds of Volcanic Materials Three basic materials that may erupt from a volcano are 1. lava, 2. rock fragments, and 3. gas. Lava Lava is the name for magma that has been released onto the Earths surface. When lava comes to the Earths surface, it is red hot and may have temperatures of more than 2012 degrees Fahrenheit. Fluid lava flows swiftly down a volcanos slopes. Sticky lava flows more slowly. As the lava cools, it may harden into many different formations. Highly fluid lava hardens into smooth, folded sheets of rock called pahoehoe. Stickier lava cools into rough, jagged sheets of rock called aa. Pahoehoe and aa cover large areas of Hawaii, where the terms originated. The stickiest lava forms flows of boulders and rubble called block flows. It may also form mounds of lava called domes. Other lava formations are spatter cones and lava tubes. Spatter cones are steep hills that can get up to 100 feet high. They build up from the spatter of geyser-like eruptions of thick lava. L ava tubes are tunnels formed from fluid lava. As the lava flows, its exterior covering cools and hardens. But the lava below continues to flow. After the flowing lava drains away, it leaves a tunnel. Rock Fragments Rock fragment are usually called tephra and are formed from sticky magma. This magma is so sticky that its gas can not easily escape when the magma approaches the surface or central vent. Finally, the trapped gas builds up so much pressure that it blasts the magma into fragments. Tephra consists of volcanic dust, volcanic ash, and volcanic bombs, (from smallest to largest size particle). Volcanic dust consists of particles less than one one-hundredth inch in diameter. Volcanic dust can be carried for great distances. In 1883, the eruption of Krakatau in